Gold comes in many forms, but some types are exceptionally rare and expensive due to their purity, historical significance, or unique properties. The most following valuable, expensive and rare gold items made by pure gold (24K)
[the highest purity gold, containing 99.99% gold], gold coins, or gold alloys [special alloys like blue gold (gold mixed with indium) and purple gold (gold mixed with aluminum) are rare and highly valued.].
The golden Patek Philippe pocket watch, priced at nearly $25 million.
The Henry Graves Jr. Supercomplication Watch, valued at $24 million.
The 1933 Double Eagle, worth $18.87 million.
The Gold Chairman Mao Statue, priced at $16 million.
The Stuart Hughes Diamond iPhone 5, valued at $15 million.
The Ming Dynasty Tripod Vessel, also priced at $15 million.
Niclas Castello's Gold Cube, worth $11.7 million.
The 1822 $5 Capped Bust Half Gold Eagle. The last recorded auction price for this privately owned coin was $687,500 in 1982,
but experts estimate its value could exceed $10 million today
The Taj Mahal Neck Chain, priced at $8.81 million.
The 1861 Coronet, Paquet Reverse gold $20 double eagle.
The Philadelphia Mint version is one of the rarest U.S. coins, with only two known examples. One sold for $7.2 million in 2021.
The San Francisco Mint version had a mintage of 19,250, but only about 267 are believed to still exist. Depending on condition, its value ranges from $37,931 to over $310,626.
The 1804 $10 Draped Bust Gold Eagle, valued at $5.28 million.
The 1870-S $3 Gold Coin, worth $5.25 million.
The 723 AD Umayyad Gold Dinar, valued at $4.76 million.
The Big Maple Leaf, priced at $4 million.
The 1829 $5 Capped Head Left Half Eagle, worth $2.88 million.
The 1879 $4 Coiled Hair Stella Gold Coin, valued at $1.04 million.
The Koh-i-Noor diamond remains one of the most disputed jewels in history, with multiple countries claiming ownership. The governments of India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan have all demanded its return, arguing that
it was taken unfairly during British colonial rule. The debate over the Koh-i-Noor continues, with many viewing it as a symbol of colonial exploitation.
India's Claim - India has repeatedly requested the return of the Koh-i-Noor, especially after gaining independence in 1947. Many Indians believe the diamond was looted by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849.
The Indian government has made formal appeals, but the British government insists it was acquired legally under the Treaty of Lahore.
Pakistan's Claim - Pakistan argues that the diamond belonged to the Sikh Empire, which ruled parts of present-day Pakistan. Since Maharaja Duleep Singh, the last Sikh ruler, was forced to hand over the diamond to the British,
Pakistan claims it should be returned to Lahore, where the Sikh Empire was based.
Afghanistan's Claim - Afghanistan asserts that the Koh-i-Noor was once in the possession of Nader Shah, the Persian ruler who invaded India in 1739. Since the diamond passed through Afghan rulers before reaching the Sikh Empire,
Afghanistan believes it has a rightful claim.
Iran's Claim - Iran also claims ownership, citing its historical connection to Nader Shah, who took the diamond from the Mughal Empire. Iran argues that since the diamond was originally in Persian hands, it should be returned.
British Response - The British government has consistently rejected all claims, stating that the diamond was legally obtained and is now part of the Crown Jewels. It remains set in the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,
displayed in the Tower of London.
The Koh-i-Noor diamond, meaning "Mountain of Light," is one of the most famous and controversial diamonds in history. It was originally mined in India,
likely from the Kollur Mine in present-day Andhra Pradesh. Today, the Koh-i-Noor is set in the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and is displayed in the Tower of London.
Early History - The diamond's exact origins are unclear, but it was first recorded in the Mughal Empire. It was part of the Mughal Peacock Throne, a lavish throne adorned with precious gems. In 1739, Persian ruler Nader Shah
invaded Delhi and took the diamond, giving it its famous name.
Changing Hands - Over the centuries, the Koh-i-Noor passed through various rulers, including the Afghan Durrani dynasty and the Sikh Empire. In 1849, after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the British East India Company took
possession of the diamond and presented it to Queen Victoria.
British Royal Jewel - The diamond was displayed at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, but its original cut failed to impress. Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, ordered it to be re-cut into an oval brilliant shape.
Since then, it has been worn exclusively by female members of the British royal family, as it is believed to bring bad luck to male wearers.
Controversy and Ownership Disputes - The governments of India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan have all claimed ownership of the Koh-i-Noor, demanding its return since India's independence in 1947. However, the British government insists
it was obtained legally under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849.
Diamonds are prized for their beauty, rarity, and staggering price tags. Red diamonds are the rarest of all colored diamonds, followed by pink and blue. Their scarcity and unique hues make them highly
sought after by collectors and investors. Koh-I-Noor, The Cullinan Diamond, The Hope Diamond, De Beers Centenary Diamond, Pink Star Diamond, Oppenheimer Blue, Moussaieff Red Diamond, and Cullinan Diamond
are the most expensive and rare diamonds in the world.
The Koh-i-Noor - This legendary diamond, meaning "Mountain of Light," is considered priceless and has a fascinating history, passing through the hands
of Mughal emperors, Persian rulers, and British royalty.
The Cullinan Diamond: a $400 million diamond of 3,106.75 carats, the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found.
The Hope Diamond: a $250 million diamond of 45.52 carats, famous for its blue color and alleged curse. De Beers Centenary Diamond: a $100 million diamond of 273.85 carats, the highest grade of colorless diamond.
Pink Star Diamond – A stunning 59.6-carat pink diamond that sold for $71.2 million, the largest flawless fancy vivid pink diamond, making it one of the most expensive diamonds ever auctioned.
Oppenheimer Blue – A 14.62-carat vivid blue diamond, fetching $57.5 million at auction.
Moussaieff Red Diamond – The largest known red diamond, weighing 5.11 carats, valued at around $20 million.
Cullinan Diamond – The largest rough diamond ever discovered, originally 3,106 carats, later cut into several famous stones, including the Great Star of Africa.
Graff Diamonds Hallucination, Graff Diamonds The Fascination, Breguet Grande Complication Marie-Antoinette, Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime 6300A-010, Jaeger-LeCoultre Joaillerie 101 Manchette,
Chopard 201-Carat Watch, Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication, Jacob & Co. Billionaire Watch, and Rolex Paul Newman Daytona are some of the most expensive watches ever made. These luxury watches, which
are more than just timepieces—they're symbols of craftsmanship, prestige, and sometimes pure extravagance, are not just accessories—they're milestones in horological history.
Graff Diamonds Hallucination – $55 million: A dazzling masterpiece covered in 110 carats of rare colored diamonds.
Graff Diamonds The Fascination – $40 million: Features a 38.13-carat D Flawless diamond that can be detached and worn separately.
Breguet Grande Complication Marie-Antoinette – $30 million: Commissioned for the queen herself, packed with every complication available at the time.
Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime 6300A-010 – $31 million: The most expensive watch ever sold at auction, featuring two dials and 20 complications.
Jaeger-LeCoultre Joaillerie 101 Manchette – $26 million: Gifted to Queen Elizabeth II, it holds one of the world's smallest mechanical movements.
Chopard 201-Carat Watch – $25 million: Adorned with 874 diamonds, including a 15-carat pink, 12-carat blue, and 11-carat white heart-shaped diamond.
Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication – $24 million: A pocket watch with 24 complications and over 900 parts, built in 1933.
Jacob & Co. Billionaire Watch – $18 million: Features 260 carats of emerald-cut diamonds set into an 18k white gold case.
Rolex Paul Newman Daytona – $17.8 million: Worn daily by actor Paul Newman, this watch sparked a frenzy in vintage Rolex collecting.
Platinum and gold are both precious metals with unique properties and uses; while gold is known for its rich yellow color, more abundant and has been valued for thousands of years,
platinum has a white-silver hue and is rarer than gold, making it more expensive in general. Gold is softer and less dense than platinum, and is often alloyed with other metals to increase its strength,
especially in jewelry, while platinum is denser and more durable than gold, making it highly resistant to wear and tarnish.
Gold and diamonds are major global commodities, with different countries leading in reserves and production. The United States holds the largest official gold reserves at 8,133.5 tonnes, followed
by Germany (3,351.5 tonnes), Italy (2,451.8 tonnes), France (2,437.0 tonnes), Russia (2,333.0 tonnes), China (2,279.6 tonnes), Switzerland (1,039.9 tonnes), India (876.2 tonnes), Japan (846.0 tonnes),
and the Netherlands (612.0 tonnes). These reserves serve as a hedge against economic uncertainty. On the diamond front, Russia leads with 37.3 million carats produced annually, followed by
Botswana (25.1 million carats), Canada (16.0 million carats), Angola (9.8 million carats), the Democratic Republic of Congo (8.3 million carats), South Africa (5.9 million carats),
Zimbabwe (4.9 million carats), Namibia (2.4 million carats), Sierra Leone (0.5 million carats), and Lesotho (0.47 million carats). While Russia dominates in both gold reserves and
diamond volume, Botswana is renowned for high-quality gem diamonds, making these nations key players in the global luxury and industrial markets.
Gold is widely used in jewelry, electronics, dentistry, and as a monetary asset; platinum is used in jewelry, automotive catalytic converters, medical instruments, and certain industrial applications
due to its high melting point and corrosion resistance.
Gold and platinum are prized for their distinct physical properties and versatile applications. Gold, with its malleability, conductivity, and resistance to corrosion, is widely used in jewelry,
electronics, dentistry, and as a reliable store of monetary value. Platinum, known for its high melting point and stability, plays a crucial role in automotive catalytic converters, medical instruments,
industrial equipment, and premium jewelry, thanks to its durability and sleek appearance. Together, these metals bridge luxury and utility across multiple industries.
Gold prices can be more volatile but it remains a popular investment as a hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty while platinum is more expensive but its market can be influenced by its
industrial demand, which ties to the automotive sector.
South Africa is the world's leading producer of platinum, accounting for about 68.32% of global production, following by Russia contributing around 15.52%, Zimbabwe producing about 8%, Canada with around 4.47%
and the United States contributing about 2.26% of the world's platinum.
The country with the most gold reserves is the United States, holding approximately 8,133.46 tonnes of gold valued at around $687.73 billion, following by Germany, Italy, France, China, and Switzerland which hold 3,351.53 tonne,
2,451.84 tonnes, 2,436.94 tonnes, 2,264.32 tonnes, and 1,039.94 tonnes respectively.
Since gold often maintains its value over time and can act as a hedge against inflation, investing in gold has been a popular choice for centuries; during
economic or geopolitical uncertainty investors often turn to gold as a safe haven.
The £3.5 million Diamond Bra, known as the Hearts on Fire Diamond Fantasy Bra, was crafted by Victoria's Secret and unveiled in 2006. This dazzling creation featured 2,000 perfectly cut diamonds totaling over 800 carats,
including a 10-carat diamond brooch shaped like a Victorian flower. Despite its extravagant weight and sparkle, model Karolina Kurkova described it as surprisingly comfortable—proof that luxury and wearability can coexist,
even in the world of gem-encrusted lingerie.
Diamonds have a high intrinsic value and can be a good store of wealth; however, their prices can be volatile and are influenced by factors such as supply and demand, economic conditions, and trends.
The diamond market is less liquid compared to other investment options like stocks or gold.
Diamonds symbolize eternal love, purity, and strength, making them popular for engagement rings and significant life events. The brilliance, rarity, and enduring nature of diamonds make them a fitting symbol of eternal love and commitment,
and perfect for marking special occasions and milestones.
Russia, Botswana and Canada are the top countries having the most diamonds. Russia is the world's largest producer and exporter of rough diamonds, mining close to 42 million carats while Botswana is producing around 24.8 million carats and Canada
around 16.2 million carats annually. The majority of Russia's diamond production comes from the Siberian region of Yakutia, where the largest diamond mine in the world is located.
The most expensive piece of jewelry ever sold is the Pink Star Diamond, which fetched a staggering $71.2 million at a Sotheby's auction in Hong Kong in 2017. This 59.6-carat diamond, which is currently owned by
Chow Tai Fook Enterprises in Hong Kong, is renowned for its exceptional color and clarity, making it one of the rarest and most valuable diamonds in the world.
The Pink Star Diamond, mined by De Beers in Africa in 1999, is a spectacular 59.6-carat gemstone renowned for its mesmerizing color and flawless clarity. After a meticulous two-year process of cutting and polishing, it emerged
as one of the largest and most exquisite vivid pink diamonds ever uncovered, setting a new standard in the world of rare gemstones and captivating collectors across the globe.
Platinum is among the rarest and most expensive of the popular precious metals.
It is an extremely rare metal occurring at a concentration of only 0.005 ppm (parts per million) in Earth's crust
It is rarer and more expensive than gold. Platinum, which was named 'platina', meaning 'little silver', is one of the least reactive metals.
It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal.
Platinum is used for jewellery and many other areas, such as dentistry, as a catalyst in petroleum refining, anti-pollution devices (automobile and industry), electronics, and pharmaceuticals when a substitute is not available as it is very rare, or for prestige.
The world's most expensive pieces of jewelry:
Pink Star Diamond Ring: Sold for $83 million at auction in 2013.
Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond: Valued at $80 million after Laurence Graff recut it.
L'Incomparable Diamond Necklace: Valued at $55 million, certified by Guinness World Records.
The Graff Pink: Sold for $46.2 million in 2010.
The Diamond Bikini: Designed by Susan Rosen with Steinmetz Diamonds, valued at $30 million.
Hutton-Mdivani Jadeite Necklace: Sold for $27.4 million, now part of the Cartier Collection.
Chopard 201-Carat Watch: Valued at $25 million, featuring 874 diamonds.
The Winston Blue: Sold for $23.8 million, a flawless vivid blue diamond.
The Perfect Pink Diamond: Sold for $23.2 million, a 14.23-carat fancy intense pink diamond.
The Zoe Diamond: A vivid blue diamond sold for $32.6 million.
1912 Cartier Diamond Brooch: The $17.6 million figure is plausible but not widely cited.
The Blue Belle of Asia: Sold for $17.3 million at Christie's in 2014.
Heart of the Ocean Necklace: The real version by Harry Winston was worn at the Oscars, valued at $20 million.
The Graff Vivid Yellow: Sold for $16.3 million.
Chopard Blue Diamond Ring: Sold for $16.26 million.
The Bvlgari Blue: Sold for $15.7 million.
Heart of the Kingdom Ruby Necklace: Valued at $14 million.
Emerald and Diamond Tiara: Valued at $12.7 million.
Wallis Simpson Panther Bracelet: Sold for $12.4 million.
The Vivid Pink by Graff: Sold for $11.8 million.
The world's most expensive bikini was designed by Susan Rosen in collaboration with Steinmetz Diamonds, featuring over 150 carats of D-Flawless diamonds set in platinum and valued at approximately $30 million.
This dazzling creation includes a 51-carat pear-shaped diamond, a 30-carat emerald cut, two 15-carat round diamonds, and a pair of 8-carat pear-shaped diamonds, all meticulously arranged to form a barely-there
swimsuit. Modeled by Molly Sims for Sports Illustrated in 2006, the bikini was more of a statement piece than swimwear—designed to showcase opulence and craftsmanship rather than functionality.
The Imperial State Crown stands 31.5 cm tall and weighs approximately 1.06 kg (2.3 lb)—slightly more than the 0.91 kg figure sometimes cited.
It dazzles with over 3,000 precious stones, including 2,868 diamonds, 269 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, and 5 rubies. One of its most famous gems is the 317-carat Cullinan II diamond, also known as the Second Star of Africa,
prominently set at the front of the crown. Crafted in 1937 for King George VI, the crown remains a powerful symbol of British monarchy and is worn during coronations and State Openings of Parliament.
The Imperial State Crown, crafted in 1937 for King George VI, stands 31.5 cm tall and weighs approximately 1.06 kg (2.3 pounds), adorned with over 3,000 precious stones including 2,868 diamonds, 269 pearls, 17 sapphires,
11 emeralds, and 5 rubies. Among its most storied gems are the 317-carat Cullinan II diamond, known as the Second Star of Africa, prominently set at the front; the 170-carat Black Prince's Ruby, actually a red spinel with
a royal and battle-worn legacy dating back to Edward of Woodstock and Henry V; and the 104-carat Stuart Sapphire, a deep blue gem once belonging to the exiled Stuart dynasty, now resting at the back of the crown.
These historic stones weave together centuries of monarchy, conflict, and regalia into one spectacular symbol of royal heritage.
The word "diamond" originates from the ancient Greek word “adamas” (ἀδάμας), which means unbreakable, invincible, or indestructible.
This name was chosen to reflect the extraordinary hardness of diamonds—the hardest known natural material on Earth. Over time, “adamas” evolved through Latin as adamantem, then Old French diamant, and
finally into the English “diamond.” The term also carried metaphoric weight in ancient cultures, symbolizing strength, purity, and permanence.
As of 2024 and 2025, the United States holds the world's largest gold reserves at 8,133.5 tonnes, comprising 71.3% of its foreign reserves, followed by Germany with 3,351.3 tonnes (73.0%),
the IMF with 2,814.1 tonnes, Italy with 2,452.0 tonnes (69.6%), and France with 2,437.0 tonnes (71.2%). Russia has significantly increased its holdings to 2,336.0 tonnes (31.1%), while China now
holds 2,280.0 tonnes (5.2%). Other notable reserves include Switzerland at 1,040.0 tonnes (9.3%), Japan at 846.0 tonnes (5.5%), and India at 876.0 tonnes (11.0%). The Netherlands maintains 612.0 tonnes (63.2%),
the ECB holds 506.5 tonnes (42.4%), Taiwan has 422.7 tonnes (5.6%), Portugal with 382.7 tonnes (76.3%), and Saudi Arabia possesses 323.1 tonnes (5.3%). The UK holds steady at 310.3 tonnes (13.9%),
Turkey at 591.7 tonnes (34.9%), Lebanon at 286.8 tonnes (61.6%), and Spain rounds out the list with 281.6 tonnes (21.1%). These figures reflect both geopolitical strategy and economic
diversification among major global economies.
In 2012 the U.S. had the largest gold reserves in the world, around 8,134 tons.
United States - Gold: 8,133.5 tones - Reservation: 74.5%
Saudi Arabia - Gold: 322.9 tones - Reservation: 2.8%
United Kingdom - Gold: 310.3 tones - Reservation: 15.9%
Turkey - Gold: 295.5 tones - Reservation: 14.4%
Lebanon - Gold: 286.8 tones - Reservation: 29.4%
Spain - Gold: 281.6 tones - Reservation: 29.5%
The Graves Supercomplication, crafted by Patek Philippe for American banker Henry Graves Jr., was sold at auction in Geneva
on November 12, 2014 for a record-breaking 20.6 million Swiss francs (£13.4 million). Commissioned in 1925 and delivered in 1933, the watch took eight years to complete and was made from 18-karat gold,
not 24-karat as sometimes misstated. Weighing approximately 536 grams (1.18 pounds), it features 24 complications, including a perpetual calendar, Westminster chimes, sunrise and sunset times, and
a celestial map of the night sky above Graves's New York apartment2. It remains the most complicated mechanical watch ever made without computer assistance.
In 2024, China led global gold consumption with 985.3 metric tons, followed by India with 802.8 tons, while Vietnam and Thailand consumed 55.3 and 48.8 tons respectively. Moving into 2025, India's demand is projected
to range between 700 and 800 metric tons, influenced by high prices; China's consumption dropped significantly to 290.5 tons in the first quarter alone; Thailand saw 9.1 tons in Q1, continuing its upward investment trend;
and Vietnam is estimated to reach 28 tons for the first half of the year, bolstered by strong retail demand.
In 2012 India consumed 864.2 metric tons of gold compared with 776.1 tons in China, 80.9 tons in Thailand,
and 77 tons in Vietnam.
The Shirley Temple Blue Diamond, a 9.54-carat "Fancy Deep Blue" gem, was purchased by the actress's father in 1940 for $7,210 to
mark her 12th birthday and the premiere of her film The Blue Bird. Though it was estimated to fetch between $25 million and $35 million at a Sotheby's auction in 2016, bidding stalled at $22 million—below the reserve
price—so it didn't sell2. Despite this, the diamond remains one of the most iconic colored stones, prized for its rarity, provenance, and deep blue hue.
Diamond, the hardest natural material known, ranks 10 on the Mohs scale and is widely used for industrial cutting, grinding, and polishing tools. Roughly 80% of all mined diamonds are not suitable for jewelry
due to lack of clarity, color, or size and are instead reserved for industrial applications. Most diamonds formed deep within Earth's mantle under intense heat and pressure are estimated to be between 1 to 3 billion
years old. About 65% of the world's diamonds are sourced from southern Africa, with countries like Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo playing key roles in global
diamond production and trade.
Diamonds have been known in India for over 6,000 years, initially treasured as religious icons and symbols of divine power. India was the earliest source
of diamonds until Brazil's discovery in 1725, when miners unearthed stones along the Jequitinhonha River, shifting the global supply. Today, the world's leading diamond producers are Africa, Russia, Botswana, Australia, and Canada,
with Russia mining over 37 million carats in 2023 and Botswana home to the richest mine, Jwaneng. Despite not producing diamonds domestically, the United States remains the largest diamond market, accounting for more than 45%
of global retail demand, driven by luxury branding, consumer culture, and major industry hubs like New York's Diamond District.
Synthetic and natural diamonds differ primarily in origin, rarity, and market value: natural diamonds form deep within the Earth over billions of years under extreme pressure and heat, often containing unique
inclusions and color variations, while synthetic diamonds are created in laboratories within weeks using High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) methods, resulting in stones with
fewer imperfections and controlled color. Both types share identical chemical composition and hardness (10 on the Mohs scale), but natural diamonds typically retain higher resale value due to their geological rarity
and cultural prestige, whereas synthetic diamonds are 20–90% more affordable, environmentally friendlier, and ethically sourced, making them increasingly popular among modern consumers
Each year, approximately 26,000 kilograms (57,000 pounds) of diamonds are mined globally, which translates to about 130 million carats. These diamonds come from major producers like Russia, Botswana, Canada, and
South Africa, and are valued at nearly $9 billion annually. While diamonds are often associated with luxury and romance, a significant portion is also used for industrial purposes due to their unmatched hardness.
Discovered on January 26, 1905, at the Premier Mine in South Africa, the Cullinan Diamond remains the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, weighing an astonishing 3,106.75 carats (621.35 grams or 1.37 pounds)
and measuring approximately 10.5 cm (4.1 inches) in its longest dimension2. Named after Sir Thomas Cullinan, the mine's owner, this massive stone was later gifted to King Edward VII and cut into nine major diamonds and
dozens of smaller gems, with the largest—Cullinan I, or the Great Star of Africa—weighing 530.2 carats and now set in the Sovereign's Sceptre as part of the British Crown Jewels.
The Tiffany Yellow Diamond was discovered in 1877 at the Kimberley Mine in South Africa, initially weighing an astounding 287.42 carats (57.484 grams) in its rough form. Purchased a year later by Charles Lewis Tiffany
for $18,000, it was sent to Paris where gemologist George Frederick Kunz oversaw its transformation into a magnificent 128.54-carat cushion-cut gem with 82 expertly placed facets to enhance its brilliance and fire.
Now one of the largest and most famous fancy yellow diamonds in the world, it remains a centerpiece of Tiffany & Co.'s legacy and has been worn by select celebrities on rare and glamorous occasions.
The terms “carat” and “karat” may sound similar but refer to different measures: a carat (ct) is a unit of weight used for gemstones, equal to 200 milligrams, and remains the global standard for measuring diamonds and
other precious stones, while a karat (kt) indicates the purity of gold, with 24kt signifying pure gold. Although 24kt gold contains nearly 100% gold, it is the softest and least durable form, making it a poor choice
for everyday jewelry, which is why lower karat alloys like 14kt and 18kt—blended with harder metals such as copper, silver, or nickel—are typically preferred for wearability and strength.
Gold purity is measured in karats, with each level representing a specific percentage of gold content: 8kt gold contains approximately 33.48%, 10kt has around 41.81%, 14kt includes 58.48%, and 18kt features about 75.15% gold.
Rarely used 19kt gold has 79.31% purity, while 22kt gold appears in two standards—90% for coinage and 92% for traditional jewelry. At the top of the scale, 24kt gold is considered pure, containing 99.9–100% gold, although
its softness makes it less suitable for everyday wear.
Gold alloys are created by mixing pure gold with other metals to achieve various colors and properties. For yellow gold, 18kt consists of 75% gold, 12.5% silver, and 12.5% copper, while 14kt contains 58.5% gold,
25% silver, and 17% copper. White gold blends 75% gold with 5% copper, 15% nickel, and 5% zinc in 18kt form, whereas the 14kt version includes 58.5% gold, 20% copper, 14.5% nickel, and 7.5% zinc. Rose gold gets
its distinctive pink hue from higher copper content—18kt rose gold has 75% gold, 2.75–5% silver, and 20–22.25% copper, and 14kt rose gold is composed of 58.5% gold, roughly 8–10% silver, and about 32–33.5% copper.
These mixtures vary slightly by manufacturer but follow standard proportions to achieve their unique colors and characteristics. A summary is provided below
Contents of gold made in other colors -
18kt yellow gold: 75% gold + 12.5% silver + 12.5% copper;
14kt yellow gold: 58% gold + 25% silver + 17% copper;
18kt white gold: 75% gold + 5% copper + 15% nickel + 5% zinc;
14kt white gold: 58% gold + 20% copper + 14.5% nickel + 7.5% zinc;
18kt rose gold: 75% gold + 5% silver + 20% copper; and
14kt rose gold: 58% gold + 10% silver + 32% copper.
In contrast to the 11% drop in gold prices in 2015 caused by a strengthening US dollar, both 2024 and 2025 saw historic highs followed by market corrections. In 2024, gold surged above $2,472 per
ounce in August, fueled by geopolitical tensions, central bank purchases, and economic uncertainty, before settling around $2,441—marking a gain of over $500 from the previous year. Continuing that trend,
gold peaked at $3,500 per ounce in April 2025 before dipping to $3,283 in July as profit-taking, a stronger dollar, and easing safe-haven demand tempered the rally.
Gold is the only naturally metal material that is not chemically affected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents. Gold is one of the least reactive elements in nature, making it uniquely resistant to
corrosion and tarnish. It doesn't react with oxygen, moisture, or most acids and alkalis, which is why it remains chemically unaffected by air and water—even in harsh environments. This exceptional stability
stems from its high ionization energy and tightly packed atomic structure, placing it among the noble metals. While most metals oxidize or corrode over time, pure gold retains its luster indefinitely, making
it ideal for jewelry, electronics, and currency. Only a few substances, like aqua regia (a mix of nitric and hydrochloric acid), can dissolve it.
Since overtaking South Africa in 2008, China has remained the world's largest gold producer, yielding 380 metric tons in 2024—around 11.5% of global output—and beginning 2025 with 87.24 metric tons produced
in the first quarter. In contrast, South Africa's gold production has continued to decline, with just 100 metric tons mined in 2024 and a 2.5% drop in April 2025, as it grapples with deep mine operations,
energy challenges, and aging infrastructure.
Gold, platinum, and copper are all exceptionally ductile metals, capable of being stretched into long, thin wires without breaking due to their face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structures, which allow
atoms to shift easily across planes. Gold leads in ductility—a single gram can be drawn into a wire over 3 kilometers long, and an ounce can extend up to 60 miles. Platinum comes close, frequently used in
high-precision components like electrical contacts and catalytic converters. Copper, though slightly less ductile, remains highly flexible and is widely used in electrical wiring for its outstanding
conductivity and ease of refinement. This remarkable ductility makes all three metals indispensable in industries spanning from electronics to aerospace.
Gold is famously ductile—meaning it can be stretched into incredibly thin wires without breaking. In fact, a single troy ounce of pure gold (about 31.1 grams) can be drawn into a wire up to 60 miles
(nearly 100 kilometers) long, with a diameter of just a few microns. This remarkable property makes gold ideal for high-precision electronics, especially in microcircuits and aerospace applications
where reliability is critical.
As of 2025, approximately 216,265 metric tons of gold have been extracted from the Earth's underground and riverbeds—a dramatic increase from the earlier estimate of 88,000 tons—thanks to technological
advances and large-scale mining after 1950, which accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total. To visualize it, all the gold ever mined would fit into a cube about 22 meters (72 feet) per side, and since
gold is virtually indestructible, almost all of it still exists today in various forms like jewelry, coins, bars, electronics, and reserves held by central banks.
Gold is so heavy that one cubic foot of its weighs half a ton. The largest gold nugget found in California (US) weighs 195 pounds. Gold is incredibly dense—one cubic foot of pure gold weighs about 1,206 pounds,
making even small volumes remarkably heavy and valuable. In California, the largest gold nugget ever discovered tipped the scales at 195 troy pounds and was unearthed in 1854 at Carson Hill; it was worth $43,000
at the time, but today its value would soar into the millions due to both its mass and historical significance.
The best diamonds are colored blue-white. The phrase “blue-white” diamonds was once used to describe colorless diamonds (graded D, E, or F) that displayed strong blue fluorescence under UV light, giving them
a bluish glow that jewelers marketed as superior; however, this fluorescence can sometimes make diamonds look hazy or oily in natural light, which detracts from their clarity. Modern gemology has moved away from
the term due to its ambiguity, instead focusing on the 4 Cs—cut, color, clarity, and carat weight—to assess quality, with D-color diamonds regarded as the most desirable among colorless stones. Meanwhile,
genuinely blue diamonds, known as Fancy Vivid Blue, owe their color to boron impurities and are among the rarest and most valuable gems, often fetching millions.
Pearls can dissolve in vinegar due to their composition of calcium carbonate, which reacts with the acetic acid in vinegar; this chemical process releases carbon dioxide, creating a fizzing effect and gradually
breaking down the pearl over 24 to 36 hours. The myth of Cleopatra dissolving a pearl in vinegar to impress Marc Antony is rooted in historical lore, and while likely dramatized, the science behind it holds up—though
it's more of a slow disintegration than an instant melt.
The Henry Graves Supercomplication timepiece, crafted by luxury watchmaker
Patek Philippe over eight years and completed in 1933 for prominent American banker
Henry Graves Jr., remains one of the most complex and valuable mechanical watches ever made without
computer assistance. Featuring 24 intricate complications, it was sold in 1999 to Sheikh Saud Bin Mohammed
Al-Thani of Qatar's royal family for $11 million, and after his passing, it was auctioned again on November 11, 2014 in Geneva, Switzerland, fetching a record $24 million.
As of 2025, there have been no new public ownership changes or auctions reported, and the watch is currently believed to be in a private collection, occasionally featured in high-profile
exhibitions and horological retrospectives.
The VERTU Grand Watch, a standout with its 10-layer 3D AMOLED display, AI Health Guard, and Fortune Flame Pattern design. It tracks heart rate, blood oxygen, and even blood sugar, offering up to 7 days of battery life.
The Apple Watch Ultra 2, featuring a rugged titanium case, always-on Retina display, advanced health sensors like ECG and SpO₂, and up to 36 hours of battery life.
The Samsung Galaxy Watch Ultra, known for its Super AMOLED screen, BioActive Sensor, and rotating bezel. It supports LTE, sleep tracking, and offers up to 48 hours of battery life.
The TAG Heuer Connected Calibre E4, which merges Swiss luxury with smart features like GPS, heart rate monitoring, and customizable OLED faces.
The Garmin MARQ, built for adventurers with titanium casing, multi-sport tracking, Pulse Ox, and up to 12 days of battery life.
As of 2024 and 2025, Brikk continues to offer ultra-luxury Apple Watch customizations through its Lux Watch 4 collection, featuring seven distinct editions crafted from 18-karat yellow, rose, or white gold,
as well as titanium, carbon, and ceramic. The Classic models start at $28,995 with alligator straps and 18K deployment clasps, while the Deluxe editions—adorned with two rows of emerald or baguette-cut diamonds—range
from $43,995 to $73,995 depending on the bracelet style. The pinnacle remains the Omni collection, fully encrusted with emerald, baguette, or square-step cut diamonds, priced between $68,995 and a staggering $228,9952.
These watches retain full Apple Watch functionality and are assembled with meticulous craftsmanship, including hand-selected conflict-free diamonds and multi-layered metal plating
In 2015, luxury brand Brikk released the Lux Watch collection, customizing Apple Watches with 24-karat yellow gold, 18-karat pink gold, and 950 platinum, priced from $7,495 all the way up to $74,9952.
These watches featured varying levels of diamond embellishment, with the top-tier Omni edition boasting over 12 carats of diamonds. Brikk's designs transformed the Apple Watch into a high-end fashion statement,
targeting elite clientele with bespoke craftsmanship and opulent materials.
The Hamilton Watch Company made history in 1957 with the Ventura, the first battery-powered electric watch. Its avant-garde design reflected
the innovation inside, and Elvis Presley famously sported one in Blue Hawaii, giving it instant pop culture cred. This breakthrough kicked off a wave of technological progress in horology, paving the way for quartz
precision and eventually today's feature-packed smartwatches. From water clocks of the past to watches powered by body heat, the journey of timekeeping has been as inventive as it is fascinating.
In 1814, Sir Francis Ronalds of London invented the first electric clock; it was powered with dry piles,
a high voltage battery with extremely long life but the disadvantage of its electrical properties varying with the weather.
In 1815, Giuseppe Zamboni of Verona invented and showed another electrostatic clock run with dry pile batteries and an oscillating orb.
In 1840, Alexander Bain, a Scottish clock and instrument maker was the first to invent and patent a clock powered by electric current.
In 1787, Levi Hutchins of Concord, New Hampshire (US), created what's recognized as the first American alarm clock, though it was a personal device
that rang only at 4 AM to wake him for work—it wasn't adjustable and never intended for public use. It wasn't until 1847 that French inventor Antoine Redier patented the first adjustable mechanical alarm clock, revolutionizing
the concept by allowing users to set their own wake-up time. Redier's innovation marked a significant milestone in timekeeping, paving the way for modern alarm clocks as we know them today.
Casio's G-Shock models have earned a reputation for near-indestructibility, with one famous test demonstrating that the watch kept working perfectly after being dropped from a fourth-story window. This toughness stems from
their unique construction, which includes a shock-absorbing floating module encased in protective urethane, a reinforced case that shields internal components, water resistance up to 200 meters, and resilience against vibration,
temperature extremes, and electrostatic discharge. G-Shocks have even survived being run over, hammered, and hurled from balconies, making them a trusted choice for those who need their watches to withstand serious punishment.
Apple consistently sets the time to 10:09 in its promotional
images of the Apple Watch as a subtle, strategic design choice that pays homage to the traditional 10:10 setting used in analog watch advertising. This slightly earlier time maintains the aesthetically pleasing "smile" created
by the positioning of the hands while offering near-perfect symmetry and unobstructed visibility of the Apple logo. The decision also symbolizes Apple's ethos of being ahead of the curve—just a minute ahead of convention—reflecting
their attention to detail and forward-thinking brand philosophy.
Setting clocks and watches to 10:10 is a deliberate and time-honored marketing strategy that dates back to the 1930s or 1940s. This position creates a
symmetrical, visually pleasing layout that frames the brand logo—typically placed just below the 12 o'clock mark—without obscuring it. It also ensures the hands don't overlap, allowing their design to be fully appreciated,
and gives the watch face a “smiling” appearance, which subtly evokes positive emotions in potential buyers1. While myths abound about historical events tied to 10:10, the real reason is all about aesthetics and psychology.
The global watch industry produces around 1.2 billion watches each year, a testament to how timekeeping permeates daily life. While mechanical watches—known for their intricate craftsmanship—remain popular, especially
in luxury segments, they do not account for 77% of the total market by volume. That figure likely reflects consumer preference or market share by value in specific niches, as quartz and digital watches dominate the more
affordable and mass-produced categories. So, although mechanical timepieces hold a revered place in horology, quartz watches lead in sheer numbers worldwide.
Switzerland's atomic clock is nothing short of a technological marvel. By measuring the oscillations of atoms—typically cesium or rubidium—it maintains time with astonishing precision. The accuracy is so refined that it wouldn't
be off by more than a single second even after 30 million years, which is mind-bending when you think about how much the Earth could change in that time. These clocks form the backbone of global timekeeping systems and even help
calibrate GPS and scientific experiments where split-second timing matters.
Rolex revolutionized wristwatch design with two major innovations that shaped modern horology. In 1945, they introduced the Datejust, the first self-winding
chronometer wristwatch to display the date on the dial—a practical feature that's now standard across many timepieces. Then in 1954, they unveiled the GMT-Master, crafted in partnership with Pan Am pilots, which
enabled wearers to track two different time zones simultaneously using a 24-hour hand and a rotatable bezel. These iconic developments blended style, precision, and utility, cementing Rolex's status as a
pioneer in functional luxury.
The Rolex Submariner, first unveiled in 1954 at the Basel Watch Fair, was designed as a rugged tool for professional divers—not a luxury accessory. Engineered for underwater exploration, it featured exceptional water resistance,
legibility in low-light conditions, and a rotating bezel to track dive time. Over the decades, its robust build and timeless design have made it a versatile choice for both men and women, transcending fashion trends and age groups.
Though it began as a utilitarian instrument, the Submariner's reputation for durability and style eventually elevated it to icon status in the luxury watch world.
The first self-winding Rolex wristwatch hit the market in 1931, powered by a groundbreaking internal mechanism known as the Perpetual rotor that harnessed the movement of the wearer's arm to maintain its charge.
This innovation set a new benchmark for reliability and convenience in timekeeping. However, the concept wasn't entirely new—British watchmaker John Harwood had already patented a self-winding design in 1923, securing a Swiss patent
a year later and debuting his watches through Fortis and Blancpain at the 1926 Basel Fair. Harwood's inventive approach even eliminated the winding crown, replacing it with a rotating bezel to improve resistance to water and dust.
His early efforts laid the foundation for Rolex's refinement and global popularization of the automatic wristwatch.
Watchmakers often refrain from claiming their timepieces are 100 percent waterproof because guaranteeing total impermeability is nearly impossible due to the intricate components and variables involved. Instead,
they use the term "water-resistant," acknowledging that factors like aging seals, exposure to chemicals, temperature fluctuations, and dynamic water pressure can compromise a watch's integrity over time. Legal standards
like ISO 22810 even prohibit the term “waterproof,” reinforcing the idea that no watch can withstand every possible aquatic scenario. Even the most robust dive watches require regular maintenance to preserve their resistance,
making it essential for users to understand and respect their watch's limits.
The Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication Watch is a marvel of horological engineering. The Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication (no. 198.385) is one of the most complicated mechanical pocket watches ever created.
The 18-karat gold watch has 24 complications and was assembled by Patek Philippe. It was named after banker Henry Graves Jr. who supposedly commissioned it out of his desire to outdo the Grande Complication pocketwatch of
American automaker James Ward Packard. The two were both at the top of the watch collecting world, regularly commissioning innovative new timepieces. This extraordinary timepiece is a testament to human ingenuity and craftsmanship.
Creation: Commissioned by American banker Henry Graves Jr. in 1925, it took three years to design and five years to manufacture, finally being delivered in 1933.
Complexity: The watch boasts 24 complications, including Westminster chimes, a perpetual calendar, sunrise and sunset times, and a celestial map of New York as seen from Graves's apartment.
Materials: Crafted from 18-karat gold, it contains 920 individual parts, including 430 screws, 110 wheels, 120 removable parts, and 70 jewels.
Value: It set a record for the most expensive watch ever sold at auction, fetching $24 million in 2014.
Legacy: The watch remained the most complicated mechanical timepiece for over 50 years until Patek Philippe released the Calibre 89 in 1989.
Some of the world's most expensive watches showcase jaw-dropping craftsmanship and astronomical price tags. Leading the list is the Chopard 201-Carat Watch, valued at $25,000,000, featuring a jaw-dropping 874 diamonds
totaling 201 carats. The Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication, a legendary pocket watch with 24 complications, sold for $11,000,000 in 1999 and later broke records at $24,000,000 in a 2014 auction. The Louis Moinet
Meteoris Watch stands out at $4,600,000, incorporating meteorite fragments from Mars and the Moon. Next is the Piaget Emperador Temple, estimated at $3,300,000, with its dazzling double-case design covered in hundreds of diamonds.
Finally, the Franck Muller Aeternitas Mega 4, priced around $2,400,000, boasts an extraordinary 36 complications and nearly 1,500 components, making it one of the most intricate mechanical wristwatches ever built.
The world's most outrageously expensive watches—each a marvel of craftsmanship, complexity, and unapologetic luxury:
From the celestial Patek Philippe Sky Moon Tourbillon Ref. 5002 P, which fetched $1.49 million and features a double-faced dial with 12 complications, to the Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile, a $1.4 million horological
symphony with 16 complications and only seven pieces ever made.
The Hublot Black Caviar Bang, priced at $1 million, dazzles with 531 black diamonds and a moody white gold case, while the Louis Moinet Magistralis at $868,000 stuns with actual lunar meteorite fragments embedded in its design.
The Blancpain 1735 Grande Complication, worth $800,000, is a platinum-cased masterpiece with 740 handmade components, including a tourbillon, minute repeater, and perpetual calendar.
The Breguet 1907BA/12 pocket watch, valued at $734,000, combines 18k gold with a tourbillon and grand strike complication.
Audemars Piguet's Grande Complication, priced around $526,000, blends a minute repeater, perpetual calendar, and split-seconds chronograph in a radiant yellow gold case.
There's the Ulysse Nardin Genghis Khan, a $490,000 platinum-cased marvel featuring animated Mongol warriors and a Westminster chime minute repeater.
The Parmigiani Fleurier Toric Westminster, at $334,000, offers a rare combination of tourbillon and minute repeater with cathedral gongs.
The Girard-Perregaux Opera Three, priced at $316,000, plays actual music on demand using miniature carillons.
The IWC Grande Complication Ref. IW927016, at $230,000, packs a perpetual calendar, moonphase, and minute repeater into a platinum case.
The A. Lange & Söhne Datograph Perpetual, a $152,000 icon of German watchmaking, merges a flyback chronograph with a perpetual calendar and moonphase.
Greubel Forsey Invention Piece 2 Quadruple Tourbillon: This masterpiece is priced around $750,000.
Romain Jerome Titanic DNA Tourbillon: Limited to just 9 pieces, this watch retailed for $319,0004.
Roger Dubuis Millesime Double Flying Tourbillon: This limited edition of 88 pieces was priced at $263,0007.
Zenith Christopher Columbus: Accurate — This rare model is valued at $230,000, featuring a gyroscopic escapement and bubble crystal
Piaget Altaplano Caliber 1200D: This ultra-thin, diamond-studded watch is priced at $151,99510.
Cartier Rotonde de Cartier Astrotourbillon: The pink gold version is listed at $116,195.
Hublot Big Bang Ferrari King Gold: This limited edition model is priced at $43,60013.
Audemars Piguet Royal Oak Offshore Rubber Clad: The rose gold version with rubber accents is valued around $36,63015.
Rolex GMT Master II: Depending on the reference and materials, prices range from $13,000 to over $33,000, with some customized or rare editions exceeding that
Bvlgari Diagono Chronograph: This sporty luxury chronograph is priced around $16,900, especially for gold or limited variants.
The Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile is a horological masterpiece that commands a jaw-dropping price of $1.5 million, making it one of the most expensive watches ever created. Released in 2005 to commemorate
the brand's 250th anniversary, this timepiece was hailed as the most complicated wristwatch in the world at the time. Crafted in 18-karat gold and featuring a blue sapphire non-reflective glass, it boasts an extraordinary
array of functions including a tourbillon, minute repeater, perpetual calendar, sidereal time, sunrise and sunset indicators, and even a miniature star chart on the reverse side. With only seven pieces ever made, it's
not just a watch—it's a celestial symphony wrapped around your wrist.
The Apple Watch offers a wide range of features beyond telling time, including sending and receiving text messages, tracking fitness and health metrics like
heart rate and activity rings, making secure wireless payments via Apple Pay, and providing turn-by-turn directions using GPS and a built-in compass. When navigating, the watch uses haptic feedback to gently tap or squeeze
your wrist to indicate which direction to turn—ideal for hands-free guidance while walking or cycling. Newer models like the Series 8, SE (2nd Gen), and Ultra also include advanced safety functions such as fall and crash
detection; if a hard fall or severe impact is sensed, the watch alerts you and can automatically call emergency services and notify your contacts with your location if you don't respond.
The Ringly smart ring, which debuted in June 2014, was a fashion-forward wearable that combined technology with style, allowing users to receive customizable notifications
for calls, texts, emails, and app alerts through vibrations and glowing LED lights. Built with 18K matte gold plating and semi-precious gemstones, Ringly focused on discreet alerts rather than health tracking. In contrast,
modern smart rings like the Oura Ring 4 (2025) and RingConn Gen 2 (2025) emphasize wellness and biometric monitoring. The Oura Ring tracks heart rate, HRV, temperature, SpO₂, and sleep stages, with a battery life of up
to 8 days and requires a $6/month subscription, while RingConn offers similar health insights plus sleep apnea detection, up to 12-day battery life with a 150-day charging case, and no subscription fee. Both are crafted
from sleek titanium and priced between $299 and $499, whereas Ringly launched at around $195–$250. Although Ringly led early innovation in stylish smart jewelry, today's rings have shifted toward holistic health tracking,
making options like Oura and RingConn more suitable for wellness-focused users.
The U.S. has produced some truly unconventional watches that showcase bold design and mechanical creativity. Devon Works stunned the industry with its Tread series, which uses time belts powered by microstep motors
and microprocessors to display hours and minutes—like wearable sci-fi dashboards. Brew Watches takes inspiration from espresso machines, crafting dials and textures that pay tribute to café culture. The Gruen Curvex,
introduced in the 1930s, was revolutionary for its curved mechanical movement that perfectly fit curved cases. Bulova's Accutron Railroad model featured a tuning fork movement and electronic precision, earning railroad
approval before the quartz era. Hamilton's Rutledge Platinum stood out with a luxurious Art Deco design, Gothic hands, and stylized numerals in a platinum case. And Oak & Oscar added heart to horology with watches
inspired by bourbon barrels and the founder's rescue dog, blending classic aesthetics with emotional storytelling. These timepieces reflect America's spirit of innovation—quirky, ambitious, and unapologetically creative.
Devon Works is a California-based horological innovator founded in 2008 by Scott Devon, known for pushing boundaries with its futuristic timepieces that blend aerospace engineering, industrial design, and
cutting-edge mechanics. Rather than traditional hands, models like the Tread 1 and Tread 2 use interwoven time belts powered by microstep motors and governed by microprocessors, offering a sci-fi dashboard aesthetic.
These watches are fully made in the U.S., often with components sourced from aerospace suppliers, and produced in limited quantities to ensure exclusivity. The Tread 1, a groundbreaking debut, was even nominated
for the Grand Prix d'Horlogerie de Genève in 2010—an unprecedented feat for an American brand. Devon's watch lab in Pasadena operates more like a tech facility than a traditional workshop, reflecting its identity
as a tech company first and watchmaker second. Their creations have appeared in pop culture, worn by celebrities like Robert Downey Jr. and David Tennant, and featured in series such as Good Omens and Avengers:
Endgame. Devon's timepieces aren't just instruments—they're kinetic sculptures that redefine what it means to tell time.
Brew Watch Co., founded in 2015 by industrial designer Jonathan Ferrer in New York, is a microbrand that draws inspiration from the tactile beauty and comforting ritual of coffee culture. Its timepieces
feature design elements reminiscent of espresso machines—such as brushed metal textures, vented aesthetics, and warm tones—with many models including a 35-second timing marker ideal for pulling a perfect espresso shot.
Notable collections like the HP1, Retrograph, Metric, and Mastergraph pair playful vintage styling with modern functionality, using CNC-machined stainless steel cases and mecha-quartz movements assembled in the U.S.
With limited runs of about 400–500 units per model, Brew emphasizes exclusivity and hands-on craftsmanship. Ferrer remains deeply involved in every aspect, from design to customer engagement, and the brand is growing
organically within enthusiast communities. Brew's watches aren't just instruments—they're wearable stories that celebrate slowing down and savoring the moment.
The Gruen Curvex, introduced in 1935, was a groundbreaking American wristwatch renowned for its curved case and movement, engineered to contour naturally to the wrist while allowing for larger and more precise
mechanisms. Unlike other brands that placed flat movements in curved cases, Gruen designed actual curved calibers—such as the 311, 330, 440, and 370—to fit seamlessly within the case's curvature, enhancing both
comfort and accuracy. With over 200 styles ranging from ornate gold-filled versions to sleek Art Deco designs, including unique models like the Ristside meant to be worn on the side of the wrist, the Curvex was
as much about style as innovation. Gruen developed these movements in the U.S. while sourcing components from Swiss makers like Aegler, a supplier to Rolex, and even contributed to the war effort by producing
military instruments during WWII. Discontinued by the mid-1950s, vintage Curvex watches—especially those in solid gold with original dials—remain prized collectibles that reflect American ingenuity and elegance.
Bulova, founded in 1875 by Joseph Bulova in New York City, is a pillar of American watchmaking known for pioneering mass production, launching the world's first radio and TV ads, and innovating with the
Accutron—the first fully electronic watch using a tuning fork movement for remarkable accuracy. The brand's influence extended into space when a Bulova chronograph was worn on the Moon during Apollo 15, and continued
with the Precisionist movement introduced in 2010, offering ultra-high-frequency quartz performance. Bulova's diverse collections blend heritage and modernity, including Art Deco classics, curved chronographs like
the Curv, Swiss-made mechanicals in the Joseph Bulova Collection, and retro tributes in the Frank Sinatra series. Though now owned by Citizen, Bulova maintains its American spirit through U.S.-based design and
engineering, while utilizing global manufacturing partners for various product tiers. From historical milestones to daring design, Bulova's story reflects more than timekeeping—it's a chronicle of innovation
and cultural impact.
Hamilton, founded in 1892 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, began as the "Watch of Railroad Accuracy," producing reliable pocket watches for train schedules before becoming a critical supplier of military timepieces
during World Wars I and II, including marine chronometers for naval navigation. In 1957, it introduced the Ventura—the world's first electric watch—with a futuristic design worn by Elvis Presley, followed by the
Pulsar, the first digital LED watch, unveiled on The Tonight Show in 1970. Though manufacturing moved to Switzerland in 1969 and the brand joined the Swatch Group, Hamilton continues to blend American design
heritage with Swiss precision in collections like Khaki Field, Jazzmaster, and Ventura. Its cinematic legacy includes custom watches featured in over 500 films, notably Interstellar, Tenet, and Oppenheimer,
reinforcing its iconic status in both horology and Hollywood.
Oak & Oscar, founded in 2015 by Chase Fancher in Chicago, is a proudly independent American watch brand that combines Swiss-powered mechanics with a deeply personal and community-driven ethos. Named after
bourbon barrels ("Oak") and Fancher's dog ("Oscar"), the brand infuses warmth and storytelling into limited-run watches like the Burnham, Sandford GMT, Jackson Chronograph, Olmsted Field Watch, and Humboldt
GMT—all named after figures or locales tied to exploration and urban planning. These timepieces are known for sandwich dials, slashed sevens, thoughtful color palettes, and small-batch experimentation, with
assembly and quality control done in-house. Oak & Oscar emphasizes connection by hosting gatherings, spotlighting customer stories, and staying transparent about its supply chain—living up to its motto,
"Make No Little Plans," and reflecting a design philosophy rooted in character, craftsmanship, and purpose.
Founded in 1864 in Elgin, Illinois, the Elgin National Watch Company was established to rival Waltham and quickly rose to prominence as a powerhouse of American horology. It revolutionized watchmaking by pioneering
mass production, interchangeable parts, and building the world's largest watch factory of its time. Elgin produced millions of reliable pocket watches and even operated its own observatory to refine timekeeping accuracy.
By the early 20th century, its watches were emblematic of American craftsmanship, worn by railroad workers, soldiers, and everyday citizens. However, Elgin's dominance waned amid industry upheavals—the Quartz Crisis of
the 1970s, the rise of Japanese brands like Seiko, and increasing competition from Swiss luxury manufacturers. Struggling to adapt, Elgin halted watch production in 1968 and briefly shifted toward electronics before
disappearing from the market. Today, its vintage timepieces are treasured by collectors for their historical value and timeless elegance.
American horology began in the late 1600s with immigrant clockmakers crafting lantern-style timepieces, but it wasn't until the mid-19th century that the U.S. revolutionized watchmaking through mass production.
Companies like Waltham Watch Company and Elgin National Watch Company pioneered interchangeable parts and assembly-line techniques, making high-quality watches affordable and widely available. This industrial edge briefly
challenged Swiss dominance, especially after the 1876 Centennial Exposition, where American manufacturing stunned European observers. However, after World War I, the shift to wristwatches and economic downturns led to the
decline of many U.S. brands. Still, icons like Bulova and Hamilton adapted, with Bulova introducing the world's first electronic watch in 1960. In recent decades, a renaissance has emerged with brands like RGM, Shinola, and
Devon, blending modern design with American heritage and craftsmanship. From colonial lantern clocks to futuristic belt-driven timepieces, the U.S. watch and clock industry reflects the nation's spirit of ingenuity and
reinvention.
South Korea and Hong Kong have emerged as vibrant watchmaking hubs by combining affordability, innovative design, and manufacturing expertise. South Korean brands such as Romanson, Tisell, and Harriot offer
a range of stylish timepieces from minimalist dress watches to aviation-inspired models, with a growing emphasis on cultural storytelling and artisanal craftsmanship from independents like Minhoon Yoo. Meanwhile,
Hong Kong has long been a global manufacturing powerhouse, especially in OEM and ODM production, supporting international fashion and luxury brands with firms like John Kaiser Time and Perfect Products Co. Ltd.
Both regions continue to redefine accessible watchmaking by delivering high-quality timepieces with distinctive flair and reliable components.
Japan's watchmaking revolution gained global momentum in 1969 when Seiko unveiled the Quartz Astron 35SQ, the world's first quartz wristwatch. This groundbreaking timepiece offered unprecedented accuracy—±5 seconds
per month—far surpassing mechanical watches of the era. Its release marked the beginning of the Quartz Revolution, a seismic shift that democratized precision timekeeping and disrupted the Swiss-dominated industry.
Chinese watch brands like Atelier Wen and CIGA Design have gained international acclaim by blending traditional Chinese aesthetics with modern engineering and design innovation. Atelier Wen showcases cultural depth
with artisanal techniques such as handcrafted porcelain and guilloché dials, drawing inspiration from architecture and symbolism found in Chinese heritage, while incorporating proprietary mechanical movements. Meanwhile,
CIGA Design embraces avant-garde minimalism and creativity, with skeletonized movements and striking case shapes; their award-winning Blue Planet watch, which won the GPHG Challenge Prize in 2021, reflects a strong
environmental theme and bold visual storytelling. Together, these brands are elevating the reputation of Chinese horology by proving that craftsmanship, culture, and contemporary design can thrive on the global stage.
Chinese independent watchmakers like Kiu Tai Yu and Tan Zehua have redefined horological craftsmanship through innovative engineering and cultural artistry. Kiu Tai Yu, dubbed "Mr. Tourbillon," crafted Asia's first
tourbillon wristwatch in 1990 and became the first Asian member of the AHCI, gaining recognition for his Mystery Tourbillon with floating escapement and celestial designs rooted in Chinese heritage. Tan Zehua,
also an AHCI member, builds his watches—including movements and tools—entirely by hand, exemplified by his Work No. 1 featuring a massive 16mm balance wheel and a sub-dial for traditional Chinese hours. His
patented Di-Axial escapement improves efficiency and rivals Swiss mechanisms in innovation and complexity. Together, these artisans elevate China's watchmaking legacy, showcasing its ability to rival Swiss haute
horology through precision, creativity, and independent spirit.
Tan Zehua, also an AHCI member, is known for crafting his own movements and tools entirely by hand. His watches often feature long power reserves, patent-pending escapements like the Di-Axial, and dials that
incorporate traditional Chinese timekeeping elements. His "Work No. 1" movement, for example, includes a massive 16mm balance wheel and a sub-dial for Chinese hours5, while later models showcase advanced finishing
techniques and mechanical innovations.
Kiu Tai Yu, often called "Mr. Tourbillon", was the first Chinese watchmaker to build a tourbillon wristwatch in 1990 and later became the first Asian member of the prestigious AHCI (Académie Horlogère des
Créateurs Indépendants). His creations, such as the Mystery Tourbillon, feature innovative escapement designs and dials inspired by Chinese culture, including celestial maps and dragon motifs1. Each piece is handcrafted
and unique, with only about two dozen tourbillons produced over his career.
China's modern watch industry took root in 1955, when four skilled craftsmen in Tianjin successfully built the country's first wristwatch with a lever escapement, marking a pivotal moment in Chinese horology. This prototype,
known as the WuXing (Five Stars) watch, was handcrafted using basic tools and laid the foundation for industrial-scale watchmaking. Soon after, the Tianjin Watch Factory was established, later evolving into Tianjin Seagull,
which would become one of the world's largest producers of mechanical movements. Around the same time, the Shanghai Watch Factory emerged as another major player, producing high-quality watches and pioneering domestic movement
designs. These two factories—often referred to as part of China's "Big Three" along with Beijing—helped transform the nation from a watch-repairing culture into a global manufacturing force.
India's contribution to timekeeping and astronomy is beautifully exemplified by the Jantar Mantar observatories, built in the 18th century by Maharaja Jai Singh II. These monumental structures—located in cities like
Jaipur, Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura—feature massive stone instruments designed to measure solar time, track celestial bodies, and predict astronomical events. The most famous, in Jaipur, houses the world's largest
stone sundial, the Vrihat Samrat Yantra, which can measure time with an accuracy of just two seconds. These observatories blend architectural brilliance with scientific precision, showcasing India's deep-rooted legacy in
astronomical innovation.
Japan's use of incense clocks is a fascinating blend of practicality and ritual. While incense clocks originated in China or India, they spread to Japan by the 8th century, if not earlier. These timepieces measured time
through the controlled burning of incense sticks or powdered trails, which had calibrated burn rates. In temples, they marked intervals for prayers and ceremonies, while in homes they served both as timekeepers and as sources
of fragrance and ambiance. Some clocks even used different scents to signal the passage of time, and in certain traditions—like with geishas—the number of incense sticks burned could determine the length of a visit. Their
elegant simplicity and sensory appeal made them a cherished part of Japanese daily and spiritual life.
China's legacy in timekeeping traces back to the Han Dynasty (1st century), where early water clocks used calibrated vessels to measure time through controlled water flow—vital for officials managing schedules and
correspondence. This ingenuity reached its peak in the 11th century with Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower, a towering 30-meter marvel that blended hydrodynamics with astronomical observation. Powered by a water-driven
escapement mechanism, the tower featured a celestial globe, a mechanical armillary sphere for tracking planetary motion, and clock jacks that rang bells and displayed time visually. It was a remarkable fusion of science,
engineering, and artistry—centuries ahead of its time.
Amber- manufactures products in the rough stone with that the loss of material survives justifiably and beauty survives most of all.
Amstel Diamonds - one of the oldest diamond factories of Amsterdam, has been producing gems since 1876. It is situated on the Amstel river in an old canal house in the very heart of historic Amsterdam.
Apollo Diamond- produces single crystal diamond wafers and crystals for the optoelectronics, nanotechnology, and consumer gem markets.
ARC International - Pakistan wholesale gemstones, crystals, tumbles stones, beads, and finished jewelry. It offers a fine collection of quality rough and cut loose gemstones.
Arizona Traders - a manufacturer and distributor of sterling silver, opal, and turquoise Indian jewelry.
Bali Beads- offers wholesale Bali silver beads and silver jewelry design.
Blanka Diamonds- a major diamond supplier with factories in Antwerp and Sri Lanka producing small brilliants for rings, pendants, earstuds, as well as for watches and other decoration of jewelry.
Baltic Amber- a source of amber, beads, and silver jewelry.
Bapalal Jewellers- An Indian manufacturer of gold, diamond and gemstone set jewellery.
Canada Diamonds- manufactures the quality diamond jewelry from facilities in Vancouver, and supplies the quality Canadian diamonds and diamond jewelry worldwide at wholesale prices.
Charles & Colvard- the sole-source manufacturer of Moissanite; a near colorless, created jewel with a fire, brilliance and luster unmatched by any other jewel. Charles & Colvard sells Moissanite jewels
to its distributing and jewelry manufacturing partners, who then provide exquisite Moissanite jewelry to fine retail jewelers around the world.
Diamond Broker- a diamond manufacturer, and supplied diamonds to wholesalers and major diamond and jewelry retailers around the world.
Elsa- manufactures custom wedding and engagement rings. It does business with retailers as well as the general public.
Goodfine Diamond- specializes in manufacturing a vast range of diamonds, sizes from 0.30 to 5 carat + in round and fancy shapes, "D" To "K" color, "IF – SI" clarity.
It also carries commercial quality goods.
Larimar- specializes in making handmade artisan jewelry using the natural gem Larimar.
Leo Schachter- offers handcrafting the world's most beautiful and brilliant diamonds. Its reputation circles the globe with stops in Paris, London, Milan, New York, L.A. and Hong Kong.
NB Gems- specialize in rare and unusual minerals in their natural or sculpted form complemented by a unique jewelry selection.
Qingdao Pure Gems- specializes in high quality cut stones in Clear CZ, Color CZ and Synthetic stones including cutting of semi-precious stones.
Polar Bear Diamond- manufacturer of diamonds that are mined, cut and polished in Canada.
Sasha Primak- offers certified collections of jewelry and diamond to the trade, includes product and dealer information.
Russian Brilliants- a diamond dealer buying and selling diamond rough and loose diamonds
Scintilla- features original pieces and collections of jewelry and diamonds with photographs and distributor details.
Spence Diamonds- a chain of Canadian diamond and jewelry retail stores.
It offers a selection of pendants, bracelets, earrings, and anniversary rings for every taste and price range. It provides hundreds of gift ideas in gold,
silver and platinum.
Auroratime- a watch manufacturer and exporter in Hong Kong. Product range includes fashionable watch, automatic watch, mechanical watch, quartz watch,
pocket watch.
Ebel - a Swiss upscale watch company opened since 1911. It offers luxury watches with the conception of time through the Swiss watch tradition.
Coral Hong- a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of watches, which include sports diver watch, sports chrono watch, classic watch, elegant watch, digital watch, sports watch.
Good Fortune Electronics- a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of clocks that include alarm clock, traveling clock, quartz alarm clock, mini alarm clock, desktop clock.
Hamilton Watches- an American watch manufacturer opened since 1892. Hamilton remains as one of the world's leading watchmakers.
Hanville- a Hong Kong watch manufacturer and exporter. Its Own Brand: Michel Renee, Que, Kin-mix, Louis Armolo, Mabell, Louis Valentino, Magic-tunnel.
Jayant Watch- an Indian watch company manufacturing watches, clocks and parts.
K & B Time- a Hong Kong leading and exporter of quartz watches, promotion watches, fashion watches, classical watches, and sports watches.
Kimsi- a manufacturer and exporter of LCD watch, promotion watch, digital watch, fashion watch, expansion watch, premium watch, brass watch, and stainless steel watch.
Max Rene- a leading watch manufacturer of combination of beauty and functionality in unique watch design.
Oemel- a well-established manufacturer and exporter since 1989 of PLL Digital Receivers, LCD Clock Radios, Audio Mouse Pads, Radio Control Clocks, LCD Clocks, Sound Technology and CD related products.
Omega- a manufacturer of prestige Swiss watches opened since 1848.
Precision Watches- a manufacturer and distributor for Andrew Marc watches, Cenere watches, Focus Watches, Cynthia Rowley timepieces.
Poerre Laurent- has developed its collections of jewelry to meet its expending customer base and its reputation for design and waulity.
Porsche Design- a majority-owned subsidiary of Porsche AG. The company's activities are focused on the Porsche Design Studio in Zell am See, Austria, and on the brands Porsche Design and Porsche Design Driver's Selection.
PRG Watch Manufactory Ltd- a majority-owned subsidiary of Porsche AG. The company's activities are focused on the Porsche Design Studio in Zell am See, Austria, and on the brands Porsche Design and Porsche Design Driver's Selection.
Spring Bars- a manufactures high Swiss quality spingbars for top class watches. Over 500 models and custom designs were developed.
Rovoda- a Rovada Celtic, Claddagh and Irish watches that include Celtic, Claddagh, Mythological, Heraldic, and watches of Irish interest. Designed and made in Ireland.
Silcom-China- a manufacturer of watches and clock in Hong Kong, radio controlled clock, metal clock, wood clock, travel clock, and fashion watches.
Silconent- a watch and clock manufacturer and exporter of all kind of watch and clock including classic watch, countdown watch, analog watch, alarm watch, euro converter watch, memory clock, travel clock, mini
clock, table clock, and wall clock.
Tech-Bond Timepieces- a manufacturer and exporter of watches includes stainless steel watches, chronograph watches, sport watches, military watches, ladies watches, men watches.
Tekday- offers a set of collection of numeric watches based on sport and technology.
Tembo- a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of fashionable watches, carbon fiber watches, stainless steel watches, titanium watches, sports watches, and ladies watches.
Time Creations- an exporter of fashionable watches, classic watches, analog watches, wrist watches, promotional watches, quartz watches, and mechanical watches.
Temerald- a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of fashionable watches, carbon fiber watches, stainless steel watches, titanium watches, sports watches, and ladies watches.
Time Emerald Industrial- a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of fashionable watches, carbon fiber watches, stainless steel watches, titanium watches, sports watches, and ladies watches.
Traser - a Swiss firm mb-microtec developed the technology to produce light sources so small, they can be installed on the hands and dial of your wristwatch.
Wing Kwong Hong - a Hong Kong manufacturer and exporter of mechanical watch, quartz watch, steel band watch, sports watch, alloy case watch.
Wings Industries Company - a designer, manufacturer, and exporter of quality timepieces. The products ranges from quartz analog, sports watches, classic style, premium, diver style, ana-digital, and chrongraph to
multi-function, pocket watch, slim style, metal bracelet, eather strap, steel, titanium, aluminum, water resistant, and plastic.
Yes Watch- a manufacturer of an unique watch that tells time by tracking natural rhythms of the sun and moon. It keeps both digital and mechanical time, sunrise and sunset of 500 cities
worldwide, alarm, stopwatch with lap time, adjusts for DST, water-resistant and night light.
Xemex Swiss Watch- a watch manufacturer that products Swiss watches and Swiss wrist watches.
