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From 2019 to 2024, baby boomers significantly boosted their median retirement savings, rising from $162,000 to $202,000, according to the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies. This reflects continued
contributions and market growth during the post-pandemic recovery. Meanwhile, Generation Xers saw their median retirement savings increase from $87,000 in 2019 to approximately $115,000 by 2024, based on
Federal Reserve and Fidelity data3. While this growth is notable, it still falls short of the savings targets recommended for their age group, especially as many Gen Xers enter their peak earning years.
Gen Xers stack up against retirement savings goals—and the strategies they can do to catch up:
Maxing out 401(k) and IRA contributions - In 2025, Gen Xers aged 50+ can contribute up to $23,500 to a 401(k), plus $7,500 in catch-up contributions—or $11,250 if aged 60–63.
Using Roth accounts for tax-free retirement income - Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s help reduce future tax burdens, especially if tax rates rise.
Investing in growth-oriented assets - Many Gen Xers are shifting toward stocks and ETFs to boost long-term returns and outpace inflation.
Reducing high-interest debt - Paying off credit cards and loans frees up cash for retirement savings.
Delaying Social Security - Waiting until age 70 can increase monthly benefits by up to 32%, providing more guaranteed income later.
Working longer or part-time in retirement - Extending careers or taking on flexible work helps preserve savings and delay withdrawals.
Leveraging HSAs for healthcare costs - Health Savings Accounts offer triple tax advantages and can be used for medical expenses in retirement.
Retirement Savings Benchmarks vs. Reality (2019–2024):
Generation 2019 Median Savings 2024 Median Savings Estimated Need Shortfall
Baby Boomers $162,000 $202,000 ~$1 million+ Moderate
Generation X $87,000 $115,000 ~$1.07 million ~$466,000
Investment taxes come in various forms, including capital gains tax (short-term gains taxed at ordinary rates, long-term at 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on income), dividend tax (qualified dividends taxed at lower rates,
non-qualified as ordinary income), and interest income (generally taxed like regular income unless from tax-exempt sources). High earners may also face a 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax if their modified adjusted gross
income exceeds certain thresholds. To reduce tax burdens, investors often use tax-advantaged accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs, with traditional versions offering pre-tax contributions and Roth IRAs allowing tax-free withdrawals.
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) provide triple tax advantages for medical spending. Tax strategies like tax-loss harvesting, asset location, and holding investments longer can help maximize returns and minimize taxes over time.
Investment taxes come in several forms based on the type of income or asset. Capital gains tax is triggered when you sell an asset for more than you paid—short-term gains (held less than a year) are taxed as
ordinary income, while long-term gains get lower rates depending on income level. Dividend taxes apply to stock payouts: qualified dividends benefit from lower capital gains rates, while non-qualified ones are
taxed like regular income. Interest income from savings accounts, CDs, or taxable bonds is also taxed as ordinary income, although municipal bond interest may be tax-exempt. High earners may owe an extra 3.8%
Net Investment Income Tax on income like dividends, capital gains, and rental income if their modified adjusted gross income exceeds $200K (single) or $250K (joint). These taxes vary by asset type, income, and
holding period, so understanding the rules can help you invest more efficiently.
Capital gains and dividend taxes are both tied to investment income but apply to different situations. Capital gains arise from selling assets at a profit and are taxed only when sold—short-term gains (held under a year)
are taxed as ordinary income, while long-term gains (held over a year) qualify for lower rates based on income level. Dividend taxes apply when companies distribute profits to shareholders—qualified dividends, meeting specific
criteria like holding period and U.S. company status, are taxed at favorable rates similar to long-term capital gains; non-qualified dividends, however, are taxed at regular income tax rates. The main differences come down to
timing (sale vs. receipt), type of income (gain vs. payout), and how long you hold the investment.
Stock index funds, which offer diversification and are a good choice for long-term growth, are a popular investment choice for their simplicity, diversification, and low costs.
They aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Some of the best stock index funds in 2025 include options like the Vanguard Total Stock Market
Index Fund (VTSAX), Fidelity Total Market Index Fund (FSKAX), and Schwab Total Stock Market Index Fund (SWTSX). Stock index funds focus on:
Diversification: By investing in an index fund, an investor gain exposure to a wide range of companies, reducing the risk associated with individual stocks.
Low Costs: Index funds are passively managed, which means lower expense ratios compared to actively managed funds.
Steady Growth: Over the long term, index funds tend to provide consistent returns that mirror the overall market.
Real estate can be a lucrative investment option, offering both income and long-term appreciation. Investing in property can provide rental income and potential appreciation over time.
Rental properties, real estate investment trusts, house flipping, crowdfunding platforms and commercial real estate are the most popular ways to invest in real estate.
Rental Properties: Owning residential or commercial properties can provide a steady income stream through rent, along with potential property value appreciation.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): These are companies that own, operate, or finance income-generating real estate. They allow you to invest in real estate without owning physical property and often pay dividends.
House Flipping: Buying undervalued properties, renovating them, and selling them for a profit can be rewarding but requires expertise and market knowledge.
Crowdfunding Platforms: Online platforms allow investors to invest in real estate projects with relatively small amounts of capital, offering diversification and access to larger projects.
Commercial Real Estate: Investing in office spaces, retail properties, or industrial units can yield high returns, though it often requires significant capital.
Corporate bonds are debt securities issued by corporations to raise capital for various purposes, such as business expansion, acquisitions, or refinancing debt.
They are medium-risk investments that can offer higher returns than government bonds.
Higher Returns: Corporate bonds typically offer higher interest rates compared to government bonds, compensating for the increased risk.
Types: They can be categorized as investment-grade (lower risk, lower yield) or high-yield (higher risk, higher yield, also known as "junk bonds").
Payment Structure: Most corporate bonds pay fixed interest (coupons) semi-annually, but there are also zero-coupon bonds that pay the full amount at maturity.
Risks: These include credit risk (the issuer's ability to repay), interest rate risk, and market risk.
As of the end of January 2025, there are 157,760 TSP millionaires, of which there are approximately 10,000 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $2 million, 2,500 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $4 million,
1,200 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $4 million, 500 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $5 million, 300 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $6 million, 200 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $7 million,
150 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $8 million, 100 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $9 million, 50 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $10 million, 30 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $11 million,
20 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $12 million, 15 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $13 million, 10 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $14 million, and 10 TSP holders with account balances exceeding $15 million.
The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is a retirement savings plan for federal employees and members of the uniformed services. It's similar to a 401(k) plan offered by private employers. The TSP offers a variety of investment options that invest
in stocks and bonds. A TSP millionaire is someone whose TSP account balance exceeds $1 million. The number of TSP millionaires increased significantly from 76,889 at the end of 2022 to 116,827 at the end of 2023; this 52% increase is largely
attributed to the strong performance of the stock market in 2023. As of the end of January 2025, there are 157,760 TSP millionaires with account balances exceeding $1 million.
For 2025, the annual contribution limit for employees who participate in 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457 plans, and the federal government's Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is increased to $23,500, up from $23,000.
The maximum 401(k), 403(b), 457 and TSP contribution with catch-up is $7,500.
For 2025, the 403(b) contribution limit is $23,500 for employee contributions, and $70,000 for the combined employee and employer contributions. If you're age 50 to 59 or 64 and older, you're eligible for an additional $7,500
in catch-up contributions, raising your employee contribution limit to $31,000.
In 2025, the employee contribution limit for 401(k) plans is rising to $23,500, up from $23,000 in 2024. For those aged 50 and older, the standard catch-up contribution remains $7,500, allowing a total of $31,000. However, under
the SECURE 2.0 Act, employees aged 60 to 63 can make an enhanced catch-up contribution of $11,250, bringing their total limit to $34,750, if their plan allows. The employee contribution limit for 401(k) plans is increasing to $23,000
in 2024, up from $22,500 in 2023.
403(b) plans and 401(k) plans are very similar but with one key difference: whom they're offered to; while 401(k) plans are primarily offered to employees in for-profit companies, 403(b) plans are offered to not-for-profit
organizations and government employees.
Taxpayers generally aren't subject to an IRS underpayment penalty if the total amount they owe is less than $1,000 after factoring in tax credits, withholding, and other payments made throughout the year. This rule helps
shield individuals from penalties for minor shortfalls and is designed to account for the natural complexity and unpredictability of annual tax calculations. However, interest may still be charged if any remaining balance
isn't paid by the filing deadline.
Banks typically invest heavily in government bonds, in the second quarter of 2021, for example, banks bought a record of about $150 billion worth of Treasurys; by putting their customers' deposits into investments
such as loans or securities, like Treasury bonds, banks make the money needed to pay interest on customers' deposits and pocket a profit; rising interest rates have caused the price of such bonds to fall,
feeding investor concerns that other banks might also be vulnerable.
To maintain a good life style when you retire, you need to aim to save money in your retirement accounts (e.g., 401K, Roth) at least 1 time of your salary by age 30, 2 times by age 45,
3 times by age 40, 4 times by age 45, 6 times by age 50, 7 times by age 55, 8 times by age 60, and 10 times by age 67.
In 2025, approximately 3.8 million Americans turned 62, the age when they can begin receiving reduced Social Security retirement benefits at roughly 75% of the full amount. Around 3.5 million residents reached age 65,
qualifying them for Medicare, while nearly 3.4 million turned 66, the full retirement age for those born in 1959. Additionally, an estimated 11.3 million individuals under age 65—about 4.6% of the working-age population—were
receiving Social Security disability benefits, including both SSDI and SSI recipients.
As of June 2025, the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) reported 171,023 millionaires, a dramatic increase from 75,420 in 2020, representing more than 500% growth
over five years. While exact breakdowns by millionaire tiers aren't publicly detailed in official reports, available data suggests the vast majority of TSP millionaires fall within the $1 million to $2 million range. The figures below
reflect decades of disciplined investing, consistent contributions, and compounding growth.
$1M–$2M Range: This is the largest segment of TSP millionaires, likely comprising over 90% of the total 171,023 accounts.
$2M–$3M Range: Estimated to be in the low thousands, based on historical distributions and average contribution timelines.
$3M–$4M and $4M–$5M Ranges: These are rare. Only a small fraction of participants—likely fewer than 1,000 combined—hold balances in these upper tiers.
Largest Account: The highest known TSP balance is $9.38 million, down from a previous record of $10.98 million in 2021.
By June 2025, the number of retirement account millionaires in the U.S. continued to climb, reflecting strong market performance and long-term investing discipline. The count of 401(k) millionaires reached 512,000, down
slightly from the Q4 2024 peak of 537,000 due to early-year volatility, yet still up 16% from 2023. IRA millionaires totaled approximately 399,000, marking a 16% increase from the prior year. The most dramatic growth occurred
in the federal government’s Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), where the number of millionaires surged to 171,023 by June 2025—up 7% from March and more than double the 76,889 recorded in 2022. For context, at the end of 2021, 401(k)
millionaires had jumped 32% to 442,000 from 334,000 a year earlier; IRA millionaires rose 30% from 288,300 to 376,100; and TSP millionaires increased nearly 50%, from 75,420 in 2020 to 171,023. These figures underscore the power of
consistent contributions, long-term investing, and market resilience in building retirement wealth
The lack of cryptocurrency regulation has led to a host of problems in the world of virtual currency exchanges, threatening to impair consumer confidence in cryptocurrencies and to slow widespread adoption. Since
Bitcoin is a digital currency and its value is very high, many people always look for ways by which they can steal your money. Hackers can infiltrate wallets
and steal Bitcoins if they know a user's private key, which allows access to Bitcoins’ accounts.
Crypto-related crime has surged dramatically in the past decade, with landmark incidents like the 2014 collapse of Mt. Gox—where hackers stole roughly $470 million worth of bitcoin—highlighting the risks of digital assets.
In the U.S., reported cryptocurrency crimes ballooned from just 340 in 2016 to nearly 150,000 by 2024, driven largely by scams and thefts involving Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other digital currencies. Crypto theft alone rose from
around $620 million in 2020 to $2.2 billion in 2024, while total illicit crypto flows reached an estimated $51 billion, with stablecoins now accounting for 63% of laundering activity. Investment scams linked to cryptocurrency
inflicted over $5.8 billion in U.S. losses in 2024, underscoring the ongoing challenge of securing and regulating the rapidly evolving digital finance landscape.
Cryptocurrency-related crime evolved notably in 2023 and 2024, remaining a global challenge despite improved security. Crypto theft declined from $3.7 billion in 2022 to $1.8 billion in 2023, then rose to $2.2 billion in 2024,
with decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms still heavily targeted. Protocol-specific losses dropped to $474 million thanks to better defenses, yet illicit crypto flows reached $51 billion in 2024, including $40 billion laundered
through mixers, bridges, and private wallets. In the U.S., investment scams resulted in $5.8 billion in losses, disproportionately affecting older adults. The FBI recorded 69,000 crypto-related complaints and estimated fraud losses
at $9.3 billion in 2024—up 66% from 2023. A major enforcement highlight came from the Justice Department’s 2022 seizure of 94,636 Bitcoins valued at $3.6 billion.
Globally, Australia uncovered a $123 million laundering network, flagged suspicious crypto ATM transactions, and reported $180 million in scam-related losses during 2023–2024. The UK saw continued crypto-fueled extortion and
fraud, with cases rising from 704 in 2016 to 8,801 in 2021. Meanwhile, crypto scammers stole $14 billion in 2021, with 72% of those losses linked to DeFi exploits. Although regulatory efforts have ramped up, much of the crypto-related
fraud and theft remains underreported, obscuring the full extent of the issue.
Tax evasion and fraud involving Bitcoin and other digital currencies are serious federal offenses with steep consequences. The IRS has intensified its enforcement efforts, making it increasingly difficult to hide cryptocurrency
transactions and investments from tax audits. Failure to report crypto-related income or gains can lead to criminal charges, with penalties reaching up to $100,000 in fines for individuals—and as much as $500,000 for
corporations—alongside potential prison sentences of up to five years. Civil penalties, such as a 75% fraud charge on unpaid taxes, may also apply in cases of deliberate deception. With new reporting requirements and blockchain-tracing
technology in use, attempting to evade taxes through cryptocurrency is not only unethical but also highly risky and likely to be caught.
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies remain volatile and high-risk investments, as demonstrated by their dramatic price swings in recent years. In early 2021, Bitcoin hit an all-time high of over $68,000 before plunging below $30,000
by July. Fast forward to 2024, and Bitcoin surged again—from around $52,000 in September to more than $108,000 by mid-December—driven by growing institutional interest, ETF approvals, and the anticipation of a halving event. As of mid-2025,
Bitcoin trades near $108,000 after reaching a record high of $111,924 earlier in the year, though analysts continue to warn of sharp corrections given the asset’s lack of intrinsic value and sensitivity to market sentiment, regulation,
and economic conditions.
In the U.S., the average 65-year-old today can expect to live to about age 83, with one in four living to age 90 and one in ten reaching 95. Individuals who have earned 40 Social Security credits are eligible to start receiving
retirement benefits at age 62 or at any time between 62 and their full retirement age (FRA), though their monthly benefit amount will be reduced if claimed early. For those with an FRA of 66, the reduction is approximately 25% at
age 62, 20% at age 63, 12.33% at age 64, and 6.66% at age 65; however, for more recent retirees born in 1959 or later, FRA has increased to 66 years and 10 months or even 67, which results in slightly larger early-claim reduction
percentages.
Credit cards may make it seem easy to afford pricey purchases when cash is limited, but they aren't free money and can quickly become costly if not used wisely. Most cards now carry interest rates around 23.99% or higher,
meaning unpaid balances can grow rapidly due to compounding interest. To avoid paying significantly more over time, the smartest approach is to pay off your balance in full each month, which also helps maintain a strong credit
score and overall financial well-being.
Each year, a fund company adds up the costs associated with managing and operating a mutual fund. This investment fee generally ranges from 0% to 5% of the amount invested . When you purchase a fund with a back-end load,
the mutual fund company pays your advisor's firm a fee on your behalf, typically 5% for an equity fund. An advisor who is compensated only by fees is called fee-only . These fees might be hourly, a flat retainer or be based on a percentage of your investment assets that they manage.
Fee-only and commission advisors, in comparison, generally are compensated via both fees for advice and commissions on the
sale of financial products that may be used to implement their advice . The commissioned advisors are paid solely by the commissions they earn from selling various financial and insurance products.Between 2022 and 2025, several strategies and tools have emerged to help investors reduce investment costs and improve long-term returns. Index funds offer expense ratios as low as 0.03%–0.1%, compared to 1.2% for actively managed
equity mutual funds and 0.9% for investment-grade bond funds. Advisers typically charge about 1.0% annually on the first $1 million under management, though negotiated fees can drop to 0.85% or less for larger portfolios. Robo-advisors
and self-directed platforms like Vanguard, Fidelity, and Schwab provide advisory services at rates as low as 0.25%, or none at all. ETF alternatives often deliver similar market exposure with lower costs than traditional mutual funds.
Avoiding commission-heavy products such as high-fee annuities can further protect returns. Tools like Personal Capital, Morningstar, and FeeX (now part of Pontera) help investors track and compare fees across accounts, with just a 1%
reduction potentially yielding tens of thousands in savings over a few decades.
Investment management fees are typically calculated as a percentage of total assets under management, and while they may seem modest at first glance, they can quietly eat into long-term returns if overlooked. For example,
an adviser charging a combined 2.1% annually—factoring in a 1.2% mutual fund expense ratio and a 0.9% advisory fee—would collect $21,000 each year on a $1 million portfolio. These two fees form the baseline: actively managed
equity mutual funds average around 1.2%, while investment-grade bond funds tend to carry slightly lower costs at 0.9%. Adviser fees vary, often hovering near 1.0% for portfolios up to $1 million, with larger balances sometimes
qualifying for reduced rates. However, hidden fees in financial products, insurance, or bundled services can push total costs significantly higher—potentially up to 15% annually—if investors fail to monitor their holdings or
compare providers. In short, not all advice is equal, and vigilance pays dividends in fee savings and performance.
One of the key advantages of the U.S. Federal Government’s Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is its employer match structure, where employees receive a dollar-for-dollar match on the first 3% of base pay they contribute and 50 cents
per dollar for the next 2%, totaling up to a 5% match. In 2018, employees could contribute up to $18,500 to the TSP, or up to $24,500 if age 50 or older, with deployed service members and certain civilians in combat zones eligible to
contribute as much as $53,000 annually—a limit that also applied to participants in similar plans like 401(k), 403(b), and most 457 plans. The TSP, a defined contribution retirement plan available to federal employees and members of the
uniformed services, is widely recognized for its exceptionally low fees, averaging just 29 cents per $1,000 invested in 2015 and rising slightly to about 55 cents by 2024, remaining significantly lower than the fees of many
private-sector retirement plans.
Over the course of their careers, the average U.S. couple may pay around $155,000 in 401(k) fees, depending on factors such as plan expense ratios, investment choices, and overall savings. While fees can range from under 0.50% annually
in large, well-managed plans to more than 1% or even 3% in smaller plans with higher-cost providers, the cumulative impact over decades is substantial. As 401(k) account balances grow, even small differences in fees can significantly
reduce retirement savings, though trends show that average plan costs have declined in recent years thanks to greater fee transparency and increased competition among financial providers.
The S&P 500 Index, introduced in 1957 to represent America's leading publicly traded companies, originally featured 500 firms. By 1998, just 74 of those original businesses remained—an astonishing turnover of more than 85%
caused by mergers, bankruptcies, shifting market trends, and technological disruption. This dramatic evolution highlights the relentless pace of economic change and underscores how innovation, resilience, and strategic agility
are critical for companies striving to stay at the top of the U.S. corporate landscape.
Under the Former Presidents Act, U.S. Presidents receive a lifetime pension equal to the salary of a Cabinet secretary, which is adjusted annually. As of 2024, that amount was approximately $246,400, up from about $200,000 in 2015.
This pension begins the moment a president leaves office and is intended to support their transition and public service roles. The amount does rise over time in line with federal executive pay scales, and former presidents may also
receive additional benefits such as office space, staff allowances, and Secret Service protection.
Americans working abroad for foreign companies without U.S. ties generally aren't required to pay into the U.S. Social Security system, which can impact their eligibility for future benefits. To qualify for retirement benefits,
individuals must earn 40 credits, typically by working and paying Social Security taxes in the U.S. or through a Totalization Agreement with certain countries that coordinate coverage and prevent double taxation. If no such agreement
exists and no U.S. Social Security taxes are paid, those years abroad may not count toward benefit eligibility. However, recent changes—like the 2025 repeal of the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP)—have improved benefit fairness
for Americans with mixed work histories.
Chinese investment abroad in 2023 and 2024 reflected evolving global strategies and sectoral shifts across major economies. In the United States, Chinese firms poured approximately $28 billion into industries like technology and
manufacturing, marking a strong rebound from earlier years. Conversely, Australia saw a sharp decline, with inbound investment falling to just $862 million in 2024. Hong Kong attracted $4.9 billion in the first half of 2024 alone, with
nearly half of that driven by mainland Chinese companies, particularly in tech and artificial intelligence. In the United Kingdom, investment reached €6.8 billion in 2023, focused largely on fintech and biotech. Nigeria experienced a
surge to $6 billion, bolstered by Belt and Road infrastructure expansion. Germany posted a record €28 billion in Chinese investment, targeted at renewable energy and industrial machinery. Brazil drew approximately R$289 billion
(around $58 billion USD) in 2024, dominated by clean energy and infrastructure development. South Africa received R15 billion (~$800 million USD) in 2023 for mining and manufacturing ventures, and Italy saw €15 billion in Chinese
capital in 2023, with both governments expressing interest in deepening bilateral cooperation.
As of July 2025, Berkshire Hathaway Class A (NYSE: BRK.A) continues to hold the title of the highest-priced stock on the New York Stock Exchange, trading at approximately $718,430.83 per share—a staggering climb from its 2012
valuation of around $136,015. Reflecting decades of steady growth and investor confidence in Warren Buffett’s leadership and investment strategy, the stock reached an all-time high of $812,855 earlier in the year and closed at $730,000
on June 20, 2025, despite some market fluctuations.
As of 2025, U.S. per capita income stands at roughly $89,105, placing it among the highest in the world, while China’s per capita income is around $13,687, ranking it 78th globally—still behind countries like Chile, Azerbaijan,
and Lebanon. Although older comparisons suggested the U.S. income was nine times greater, the current ratio is closer to 6.5 times. Additionally, China’s economy, once far smaller, has grown substantially and now reaches
approximately $19.5 trillion, making it about two-thirds the size of the $30.5 trillion U.S. economy—rather than just one-third as previously claimed. These shifts reflect China’s rapid economic progress and evolving global presence.
By 2024 and 2025, emigration among wealthy Chinese citizens surged notably, with over 15,200 millionaires expected to leave China in 2024—up from 13,800 the year before—driven by rising concerns over economic instability,
tighter regulations, and wealth preservation. The U.S. remains a favored destination, particularly through the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program, which grants visas to individuals who invest at least $1 million and create a minimum
of 10 jobs. In 2024 alone, over 6,000 EB-5 visas were issued between May and August, with Chinese applicants leading demand in both High-Unemployment and Rural Targeted Employment Areas. This growing outflow reflects shifting global
investment trends and the continued appeal of stable, business-friendly environments abroad.
As of 2025, the U.S. economy remains the largest in the world, with a nominal GDP of approximately $30.5 trillion, nearly double its 2011 figure of $15.1 trillion2. China holds the second spot with a GDP of about $19.2 trillion,
while Japan ranks fifth globally with a GDP of around $4.2 trillion3. Combined, China and Japan's economies total roughly $23.4 trillion, which is still smaller than the U.S. economy alone—though the gap has narrowed significantly
since 2011. This shift reflects China’s rapid economic expansion and the relative stagnation of Japan’s growth over the past decade. As of 2011, at $15.094 trillion, the U.S. economy, as measured by
GDP , is larger than the next two largest countries' economies combined, Japan ($5.867 trillion) and China ($7.298 trillion).
Between 2023 and 2025, financial crimes linked to investment firms saw a sharp rise, with losses from investment fraud totaling $4.6 billion in 2023 and escalating to $5.7 billion in 2024, according to the Federal Trade Commission.
The FBI and IRS exposed major cases involving embezzlement, wire fraud, and money laundering, including the laundering of $400 million in proceeds from OneCoin and a massive $2 billion international loan fraud. The Department of Justice’s
Fraud Section secured $2.3 billion in corporate fraud resolutions in 2024—triple the amount from the previous year—with many of the individuals charged holding senior or trusted positions in financial institutions. While a consolidated
figure on total individuals charged isn’t publicly available, the average loss per defendant in 2024 exceeded $35 million, underscoring the escalating scale and sophistication of fraud schemes during this period.
During the period of 2010 to 2011, the federal government charged at least 67 people involved with criminal cases of fraudulent or related dishonest conduct. The charges include securities fraud, ponzi, investment fraud,
adviser fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax fraud, conspiracy, embezzlement, and theft while they worked for investment firms, such as Edward Jones, UBS, Smith Barney, ING Financial Partners, Merrill Lynch &. Co, MF Global Holdings Ltd.,
Credit Suisse Group AG, and Infinity Financial Group LLC. They stole at least $9,499,093,000 from their clients.
Since 2011, several high-profile investment company bankruptcies have led to massive losses for investors. Most notably, the collapse of crypto exchange FTX in 2022 resulted in an estimated $8–10 billion in missing customer funds,
exposing widespread misuse and lack of financial oversight. In 2021, Archegos Capital Management triggered over $10 billion in market losses due to highly leveraged bets that unraveled rapidly, severely impacting institutions like
Credit Suisse and Nomura. Earlier, solar firm Solyndra defaulted on up to $849 million in government-backed loans, while similar failures from Evergreen Solar, Beacon Power, and Fisker Automotive pushed total taxpayer losses
above $1 billion. Though some hedge fund scandals like Amaranth Advisors ($6.6 billion lost) and SAC Capital’s $1.8 billion in fines occurred before 2011, their regulatory ripple effects persisted for years. These cases highlight
the risks of poor transparency, inadequate oversight, and complex financial structures that continue to threaten investor security well beyond initial headlines.
Following the bankruptcy of MF Global Holdings Ltd. in 2011, which involved hundreds of millions of dollars missing from client accounts, other significant brokerage failures have occurred, most notably the collapse of
Peregrine Financial Group (PFGBest) in 2012. PFGBest’s founder, Russell Wasendorf Sr., confessed to embezzling over $215 million from clients over nearly two decades, with the fraud exposed after forged bank statements were
discovered. Although Sentinel Management Group’s bankruptcy began in 2007, its legal repercussions and the regulatory overhaul it helped trigger extended well past 2011. These cases prompted the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
to reform its bankruptcy regulations for commodity brokers through updated Part 190 rules finalized in 2020, which strengthened customer protections by improving fund segregation, enhancing oversight of foreign custodians,
and boosting transparency across the industry. The futures brokerage MF Global Holdings Ltd filed for bankruptcy protection on 10/31/2011, and hundreds of millions of dollars are missing from client account.
By July 2025, gold surged to historic heights, with the spot price hovering around $3,327.55 per ounce and briefly peaking at $3,357.01. This rally was fueled by persistent global inflation, intensified central bank purchases,
rising geopolitical tensions, and a weakening U.S. dollar—factors that reinforced gold’s status as a reliable safe-haven asset. The precious metal has shown dramatic volatility over the decades: after plunging below $1,100 in
late 2015, it rebounded to a then-record $2,074.88 in August 2020 during pandemic-driven uncertainty and monetary stimulus. Earlier milestones include its August 2011 high of $1,917.90, which surpassed the previous record of $850
set in January 1980—a price that took 28 years to recover. During the 1980s, gold lost roughly 65% of its value, and in 2008, it dropped more than 30%. These ups and downs reflect gold’s dual role as both a crisis hedge and a
volatile investment, shaped by economic forces and investor sentiment across generations.
Insider trading that involves a tipper—someone who discloses confidential, material nonpublic information—and a tippee—who receives and acts on it—is considered both theft and fraud under U.S. securities law. When the
tipper breaches a duty of trust and receives a personal benefit, even something intangible like reputational gain or goodwill, both parties may be held liable for securities fraud. Courts have also treated the unauthorized use
of such proprietary information as the misappropriation of corporate assets, and violations are prosecuted even if the tipper doesn’t directly profit from the trade, emphasizing that deliberate or reckless disclosures are grounds
for legal action.
Between 2022 and 2025, concerns over financial transparency among U.S.-listed Chinese companies have persisted, echoing earlier scandals like China Education Alliance (CEA) and China MediaExpress. While both companies are no
longer active—CEA was delisted and China MediaExpress collapsed following fraud charges—the broader issue remains. In 2024 and 2025, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) found deficiencies in 7 of 8 audit
inspections of Chinese firms and imposed $7.9 million in fines on three audit companies, including PwC affiliates. During this period, 19 Chinese companies were delisted from U.S. exchanges—5 voluntarily, such as ChinData and
Hollysys Automation Technologies, and 14 for noncompliance. Despite regulatory headwinds, 48 new Chinese companies completed IPOs in the U.S. in 2024 alone, raising a total of $2.1 billion, with average offerings of $50 million each.
These developments highlight ongoing risks for U.S. investors regarding inflated disclosures and audit access, even as capital flow between the two countries continues.
Many Chinese companies overstated their numbers to mislead people, especially U.S. investors and regulators. Ones of those are
China Education Alliance (CEA) and
China Media Express . CEA reported its "training center" had "17 modern classrooms" for 1,200
students; actually the "center" had no desks and was all but empty.The CEA' stock has plunged from $4.50 a share on November 26, 2010, to 76 cents on August 22, 2011 after the report was published. China Media Express,
which inflated sales and profit, had its stock price collapsed, and trading in the shares was halted.
Between 2024 and 2025, the number of Chinese companies listed on major U.S. exchanges rose from 265 to 286, with a combined market capitalization reaching $1.1 trillion—an increase of $250 billion compared to the previous year.
During this time, 19 companies were delisted, including 5 that exited voluntarily such as ChinData and Hollysys Automation Technologies, and 14 that were removed for noncompliance. Regulatory pressure intensified as the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) found deficiencies in 7 of 8 Chinese audits and levied $7.9 million in fines against three audit firms, including PwC affiliates. Despite heightened scrutiny, 48 new Chinese
companies launched IPOs on U.S. exchanges in 2024, collectively raising $2.1 billion, with an average offering size of $50 million per company. These developments underscore ongoing tension between regulatory compliance and
cross-border capital access.
There are about 370 Chinese companies that obtained U.S. listings since 2004 without the rigors of initial public offerings; as of August 2011 at least eight of these companies had their registrations revoked, and over
25 ones have also reported other problems , including accounting issues and auditor resignations.
Between 2019 and 2025, seven top U.S. companies significantly invested in Vietnam, reflecting its rise as a global manufacturing and innovation hub. Intel expanded its Ho Chi Minh City facility with a $1.5 billion investment,
now its largest assembly and testing site worldwide. Apple relocated 11 factories to Vietnam, bolstering production of audio devices and electronics through partners like Foxconn. Nike now sources 50% of its footwear and 29% of
its apparel from Vietnam. AES contributed over $3.4 billion in energy infrastructure, including the $2 billion Mong Duong II plant and a $1.4 billion LNG terminal project. Cargill invested more than $160 million in agriculture,
operating 11 plants and two aquaculture technology centers. First Solar injected $830 million into solar panel manufacturing, producing 3.7 gigawatts of modules annually. Boeing opened a Hanoi office and expanded partnerships with
local suppliers for aircraft parts, integrating Vietnam into its global aerospace supply chain. These investments showcase Vietnam's transformation into a key player in high-tech, energy, and consumer goods production.
As of 2024 and 2025, Vietnam continues to attract global manufacturers with its competitive wages and expanding industrial landscape. The average monthly salary in Vietnam rose to approximately 17.3 million VND, or $697 USD
in 2025, while China’s urban monthly wage reached around 10,060 yuan, or $1,385 USD, reflecting its shift to higher-value manufacturing. Intel’s $1 billion facility in Ho Chi Minh City has become its largest global assembly and
testing site, producing over 3.9 billion units by late 2024 and expected to surpass 4 billion by April 2025, with cumulative exports contributing more than $96 billion since 2010. Nokia, in collaboration with Foxconn, began
manufacturing 5G AirScale equipment in Bac Giang province and, in September 2024, signed a landmark deal with Viettel to roll out 5G across 22 provinces using locally produced gear. Meanwhile, Gerry Weber International AG,
Germany’s second-largest women’s fashion brand, has restructured and shifted production to Bangladesh, Turkey, and China, with no confirmed new expansions in Vietnam for 2024 or 2025. These developments highlight Vietnam’s
evolution from low-cost labor destination to strategic player in global supply chains.
The average monthly pay in 2011 in China was $300, compared with monthly manufacturing
wages of $120 in Vietnam. In 2010 Santa Clara, California-based Intel, the world’s largest chipmaker, opened a $1 billion assembly and testing plant in Ho Chi Minh City. Finland-based Nokia, the world’s biggest maker of mobile
phones, opened a plant in Vietnam to manufacture low-end phones in 2011. Gerry Weber International AG Germany’s second-largest maker of women’s clothing, is increasingly shifting production from China to Vietnam with cheaper labor.
Since launching in 1935 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. Savings Bonds program has been a cornerstone of personal finance, encouraging Americans to save and invest across generations. However, many older
bonds—especially Series E, EE, H, and HH—have now reached final maturity, halting interest accrual and leaving billions idle. The U.S. Treasury reports that more than $12 billion in matured bonds remain unredeemed, representing
missed opportunities for reinvestment and long-term growth. Because interest must be reported in the year a bond matures, regardless of redemption status, neglecting to act can also trigger unwanted tax consequences. Timely
redemption or reinvestment is essential to keep financial strategies on track and ensure those savings continue to work in today’s economic climate.
Early withdrawals from an IRA before age 59½ typically incur a 10% penalty, but certain exceptions allow penalty-free access if IRS
requirements are met. These include unreimbursed medical expenses exceeding 7.5% of adjusted gross income, health insurance premiums during extended unemployment, and qualified higher education costs for immediate family.
First-time homebuyers may withdraw up to $10,000, and those with a permanent disability or receiving substantially equal periodic payments can also qualify. Additional exemptions apply to military reservists called to active
duty, birth or adoption expenses up to $5,000, withdrawals by beneficiaries after death, distributions for victims of domestic abuse, and federally declared disaster recovery withdrawals up to $22,000. Contributions to
Roth IRAs can be withdrawn anytime without penalty, while earnings are subject to separate rules.
As of 2025, the United States holds the largest gold reserves in the world, with approximately 8,133 metric tons valued at over $682 billion, stored primarily in Fort Knox and other federal facilities. Germany ranks second,
maintaining around 3,352 metric tons, a symbol of its post-war financial stability and Eurozone leadership. Italy follows with 2,452 metric tons, using gold as a buffer against economic fluctuations. China, with 2,280 metric tons,
has steadily increased its holdings to reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar and strengthen the yuan. Rounding out the top five is Switzerland, which holds 1,040 metric tons, reflecting its reputation as a global financial safe haven.
These reserves not only serve as economic insurance but also reinforce each nation’s monetary credibility on the global stage.
In 2010, the U.S. also had the world's largest gold reserve - more than 8000 metric tons, which is worth an estimated $288 billion (2/2010), German has 3400 metric tons of gold, which comes in second.
Between 2024 and 2025, gold and the S&P 500 posted robust returns, each shaped by distinct economic forces. Gold climbed 27.2% in 2024 and added another 27% year-to-date in 2025, far exceeding its historical annual average
of 8.86% since 1971. This surge was driven by persistent inflation, aggressive central bank accumulation, geopolitical instability, and a weakening U.S. dollar. Notably, gold had previously bottomed out at $1,046.55 in 2015
before beginning its long ascent. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 delivered a 25.02% gain in 2024 amid strong corporate earnings and investor optimism, followed by a more tempered 7.84% increase in 2025, closely mirroring its long-term
annual average of 9.76% when factoring in dividends and price appreciation. These figures underscore gold’s resilience during global uncertainty and the S&P 500’s enduring role as a cornerstone of long-term wealth building.
Since 1971, after the U.S. abandoned the gold standard, gold has yielded an average annual return of approximately 8.86%, while stocks—typically measured by the performance of the S&P 500—have returned about 9.76% annually when
factoring in price appreciation and dividends. Although gold has provided strong returns during periods of economic uncertainty, such as the early 2000s and the COVID-19 pandemic, equities have generally outperformed over the long term,
offering more substantial gains for wealth-building. This comparison underscores the distinct roles both assets play in diversified portfolios: gold as a hedge against volatility and inflation, and stocks as engines of growth.
In 2025, purchasing a home is less compelling as a short-term investment due to elevated mortgage rates—ranging from 6% to 7%—and slower home price growth compared to the post-pandemic boom. Buyers may need to remain in their homes
for up to 10 years just to break even on initial costs like down payments, closing fees, and commissions, making real estate a less attractive option for those seeking quick returns. However, for long-term stability and wealth-building,
homeownership still holds value; it provides leverage, potential for appreciation through renovations, and significantly boosts net worth compared to renting. While flipping houses or rapid equity gains might not be realistic in the
current climate, owning a home can offer enduring financial and lifestyle benefits over time.
Investing in earthquake-prone areas like Tokyo and the San Francisco Bay Area requires thoughtful risk management, but it’s not inherently unwise. Tokyo offers opportunities in well-constructed, post-1981 buildings located in safer wards
like Chiyoda and Setagaya, which follow stringent seismic codes and sit on stable ground. Meanwhile, San Francisco has made progress in retrofitting vulnerable buildings, though some still pose risks, especially soft-story structures and those
on reclaimed land. While both cities carry substantial seismic exposure, targeted investments in resilient properties, paired with adequate earthquake insurance and long-term strategy, can yield stable returns. Avoiding high-risk zones
and prioritizing earthquake-resistant features are key to balancing risk and reward.
Japan, one of the most earthquake-prone nations globally, faces an 82% chance of experiencing a major seismic event within the next 30 years, with Tokyo particularly vulnerable due to its position atop multiple fault lines;
experts estimate a 90% likelihood of a significant quake striking the city between now and 2060. Similarly, the San Francisco Bay Area continues to face considerable earthquake risk, with the U.S. Geological Survey predicting
a 72% chance of a magnitude 6.7 or greater quake by 2043. Despite these high probabilities, most standard homeowners insurance policies exclude earthquake-related damage, requiring property owners in vulnerable regions to purchase
separate earthquake insurance, which typically covers structural losses, personal belongings, and temporary housing, though such policies often come with steep deductibles and variable coverage terms.
Berkshire Hathaway is the most expensive U.S. stock, the price for one Class A share of Warren
Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway (BRKA) briefly topped $100,000 in October 2006. It was reached $100,425 again on August 4, 2009. It was lost 32% of its value in 2008. As of August 7, 2012, its price was $128,240. Since 2012, Berkshire
Hathaway Class A shares (BRK.A) have seen a remarkable rise. This long-term trajectory showcases Berkshire Hathaway’s reputation as a powerhouse of value investing. Below is a snapshot of how the stock performed in the years following:
2013–2015: The price climbed steadily, closing at $177,900 in 2013, $226,000 in 2014, and dipped slightly to $197,800 in 2015.
2016–2020: Continued growth with $244,121 in 2016, $297,600 in 2017, and $306,000 in 2018. By 2020, it reached $347,815, despite pandemic volatility.
2021–2023: The stock surged to $450,662 in 2021, $468,711 in 2022, and $542,625 in 2023, reflecting strong performance across Berkshire’s diverse holdings.
2024–2025: It peaked at an all-time high of $809,350 on May 2, 2025, and as of July 17, 2025, it’s trading around $709,820.
Since the 2008 financial crisis, several years have marked dramatic swings in the U.S. stock market, with 2022 emerging as the worst—recording an 18.1% drop in the S&P 500 and a steep 33% decline in the NASDAQ due to
high inflation, aggressive interest rate hikes, and global instability. In 2018, the market lost 6.2%, and in 2011, it saw a 19.4% peak-to-trough drop following a U.S. credit rating downgrade and Eurozone debt fears.
The COVID-19 crash in Q1 2020 sent the S&P 500 down 34% in just over a month before fully recovering by year-end. Recovery began in 2023, with the S&P 500 gaining 26.3% amid cooling inflation and tech sector strength,
followed by a 25.0% rise in 2024 due to falling interest rates and broad sector participation. In 2025, renewed volatility struck as sweeping U.S. tariffs caused a 19% drawdown in April, though the index rebounded to
positive territory by midyear. These performance swings underscore how rapidly changing macroeconomic and policy dynamics continue to shape investor behavior and portfolio strategies.
2008 is the worst year of the stock market since 1937. During 2008 there was around $10 trillion household wealth destroyed. Value wiped out from the
Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 is around $7.3 trillion. Decline of the
S&P 500 is 38.5% (loss around $4.8 trillion). The NASDAQ 's loss is around 40.5%. The average
loss among stock mutual funds is around 38%, and loss among bond mutual funds is around 8%
In terms of returns in 2008, while investors lose money, investment bankers continue receiving bonus. They receive money based on how many investment deals they can push through, not on the quality of the deals or long-term strategy.
Multinational life insurance companies, such as MetLife and Prudential , pocket hundreds of millions in profit that
really belong to those who have lost family members. Since 2011, regulatory reforms and public scrutiny have pressured life insurance companies like MetLife and Prudential to revise how they manage death benefits held in retained-asset
accounts—interest-bearing accounts where funds were once withheld from beneficiaries and invested for corporate gain. Following lawsuits and media investigations that revealed insurers earned significantly higher returns than they paid
grieving families, many companies shifted toward greater transparency, clearer disclosures, and more direct lump-sum payments. State insurance regulators also enforced stricter requirements for checking death records and notifying
beneficiaries promptly, while multistate settlements led to fines and reforms. Although the most abusive practices have declined, oversight still varies, making it essential for beneficiaries to understand their rights and carefully
review payout options.
The three oldest commodities exchanges in the US are Chicago Board of Trade established in 1848, Kansas City Board of Trade 1856, and New York Cotton Exchange 1870. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), established in 1848,
is the oldest commodities exchange in the United States and played a foundational role in developing futures trading, particularly in agricultural goods like corn and wheat. The Kansas City Board of Trade, founded in 1856,
specialized in hard red winter wheat and contributed to regional price discovery and agricultural risk management. The New York Cotton Exchange, created in 1870, was the first U.S. exchange dedicated to cotton futures and
eventually became part of the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), reflecting a broader trend of consolidation in the commodities trading industry. Together, these exchanges laid the groundwork for modern derivatives markets
by introducing standardized contracts and centralized trading systems.
The three oldest stock exchanges in the US are Philadelphia Stock Exchange established in 1790, New York Stock Exchange 1792, and Boston Stock Exchange 1834. Those three exchanges mark the earliest foundations of
U.S. financial markets. The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, founded in 1790, holds the title as the oldest, originally serving as a hub for government bonds and bank stocks. Just two years later, the New York Stock Exchange emerged
in 1792 under the Buttonwood Agreement, eventually becoming the world’s most influential stock exchange. The Boston Stock Exchange, established in 1834, played a key role in regional finance, especially in trading insurance
and railroad stocks. Together, these institutions helped shape the evolution of American capital markets and laid the groundwork for today’s global financial system.
The five oldest stock exchanges worldwide are Antwerp Bourse established in 1460, Lyons Bourse 1506, Toulouse Bourse 1549, Hamburg Bourse 1558, and London Royal Exchange 1571. The Antwerp Bourse, established in 1460,
is often cited as one of the earliest organized financial marketplaces, though it primarily dealt in commodities and bills of exchange rather than equities. Other early European bourses include the Lyons Bourse (1506),
Toulouse Bourse (1549), and Hamburg Bourse (1558), which similarly served as merchant trading hubs rather than formal stock exchanges. The London Royal Exchange, founded in 1571, became a prominent center for commerce and
finance, but stock trading was informal and sporadic until much later. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, launched in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, is widely recognized as the world’s first modern stock exchange where
shares of a company were publicly traded, setting the template for equity markets worldwide.
A stock is considered to be a share of ownership in a company that can be bought, sold or traded. A bond is a loan to a company that can be bought, sold or traded. A stock represents a share of ownership in a company,
giving the holder potential voting rights, dividends, and the opportunity to benefit from the company’s growth, while also bearing the risk of its decline. In contrast, a bond is essentially a loan from an investor to
a company (or government), providing the buyer with fixed interest payments and the promise of repayment at maturity, without granting any ownership rights. Both can be bought, sold, or traded on financial markets,
but stocks generally offer higher risk and return potential, whereas bonds are favored for stability and income in diversified portfolios.
Families in the dark as life insurance companies hold billions in payouts, and earn interests. Life insurance companies have long faced criticism for holding billions of dollars in unpaid death benefits while earning interest
on those funds. This often occurs through retained-asset accounts, where insurers deposit death benefits into interest-bearing accounts instead of issuing immediate lump-sum payments to beneficiaries. While companies like
MetLife and Prudential argue that these accounts offer flexibility and security, investigations have revealed that insurers frequently earn significantly higher returns than the minimal interest passed on to grieving families.
Regulatory reforms since 2011 have pushed for greater transparency and faster beneficiary notification, but oversight remains uneven, and many families still lack awareness of their rights or the status of their claims.
Investing in unfamiliar financial products can lead to significant risks and avoidable losses. Prior to making any financial commitment, it's crucial to gather comprehensive information about how the investment functions,
its objectives, and potential drawbacks. A prudent investor evaluates not only projected returns but also factors such as risk exposure, liquidity, time horizon, and any hidden fees or complex mechanisms. Whether the focus is
on equities, mutual funds, real estate, or more unconventional instruments, a clear understanding of the structure and strategy behind each asset is essential for making informed, confident decisions.
Always take advantage of your employer's 401k contributions. Taking full advantage of your employer’s 401(k) contributions is one of the smartest
financial moves you can make. Employer matching is essentially free money that boosts your retirement savings, and not claiming it means leaving part of your compensation on the table. By contributing at least enough to
trigger the full match, you maximize the growth potential of your account through compound interest and tax-deferred earnings. Over time, even modest matches can add thousands to your retirement fund. It's a low-risk,
high-reward strategy that helps you build long-term financial security with minimal effort.
Retirement from a long federal career under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) begins with the completion and submission of the SF 3107, Application for Immediate Retirement, to the employing agency—ideally
no later than 60 days before the planned retirement date. This application initiates formal processing and should be obtained directly from the agency. Once submitted, the agency must complete Schedule D, the Checklist
of Immediate Retirement Procedures, along with SF 3107-1, the Certified Summary of Federal Service. These accompanying documents validate the employee's federal service record and help ensure accuracy and compliance
throughout the retirement process.
Social Security Administration (SSA) states it will never send a text asking for a return call to an unknown number. SSA will only send text messages if you have opted in to receive texts
from the agency and only in limited situations, including the following:
When you have requested or subscribed to receive updates and notifications from Social Security by text.
As part of Social Security's enhanced security when accessing your personal my Social Security account.
Social Security said it will never:
Threaten you with arrest or other legal action unless you immediately pay a fine or fee.
Promise a benefit increase or other assistance in exchange for payment.
Require payment by retail gift card, wire transfer, internet currency, or by mailing cash.
Send official letters or reports containing your personal information via email.
If an individual owes money to Social Security, the agency will mail a letter with payment options and appeal rights. "You should never pay a government fee or fine using retail gift cards, cash, internet currency,
wire transfers, or pre-paid debit cards," the agency wrote.
