eMacromall.com - eDirectory - July - This Month in History

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1	1997 – Hong Kong is returned to China with a special 50-year political system for people living in Hong Kong. 1967 – The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band reaches #1 in the U.S. 1966 – The Medicare federal insurance program went into effect, after being signed into law in 1965 1943 – The Current Tax Payment Act of 1943 introduced paycheck withholding in the US. 1941 – The first television commercial airs (Bulova Watch Company). 1916 – The Battle of the Somme begins; the British suffer their worst single day in military history. 1908 – SOS becomes the worldwide standard distress signal. 1904 – The first Olympic Games held in the U.S. open in St. Louis. 1893 – President Grover Cleveland undergoes secret cancer surgery aboard a yacht. 1867 – Canadian Independence Day; the British North America Act took effect. 1863 – The Battle of Gettysburg begins 1862 – The first U.S. federal income tax is enacted; the Bureau of Internal Revenue is created.
2	2002 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon. 1994 – Amazon is founded by Jeff Bezos. 1992 – The one‑millionth Corvette rolled off the Bowling Green assembly line. 1976 – North and South Vietnam officially reunify into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1964 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 1962 – The first Walmart store opens in Rogers, Arkansas. 1961 – Ernest Hemmingway Hemingway died by suicide at his home in Ketchum, Idaho. 1937 – Amelia Earhart disappears over the Pacific during her around‑the‑world flight. 1900 – The first Zeppelin airship flight takes place in Germany. 1881 – President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, a failed lawyer; Garfield died weeks later on September 19. 1881 – The American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) is founded. 1865 – Salvation Army founded. 1776 – The Continental Congress votes for American independence.
3	2013 – Egypt’s military removes President Mohamed Morsi from power following mass protests. 2005 – Spain legalizes same‑sex marriage, becoming the third country in the world to do so. 1988 – USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 aboard. 1981 – The first report of what would later be known as AIDS appears in The New York Times 1950 – North Korean and US troops battled for the first time during the Korean War. 1930 – President Hoover consolidated federal veterans’ programs into the VA; U.S. Veterans Administration was formed. 1898 – U.S. Navy destroys the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish‑American War. 1890 – Idaho becomes the 43rd state. 1863 – The Battle of Gettysburg ends 1608 – City of Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain. 1775 – George Washington takes command of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
4	2004 – The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower (One World Trade Center) is laid in New York City. 1997 – NASA’s Mars Pathfinder successfully landed, deploying the Sojourner rover shortly afterward. 1960 – The 50‑star U.S. flag is flown for the first time after Hawaii’s admission. 1884 – The Statue of Liberty is presented to the United States by France. 1872 – President Coolidge is born in Plymouth Notch, Vermont. 1863 – Vicksburg, Mississippi, surrenders to Union forces, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. 1827 – New York State abolishes slavery. 1826 – John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the second and third presidents of the U.S., respectively, die on this day – exactly 50 years after the Declaration of Independence. 1802 – The U.S. Military Academy at West Point (New York) is formally opened. 1776 – The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence; U.S. declares independence.
5	2003 – World Health Organization declares SARS contained worldwide. 1996 – Dolly the Sheep, the world's first successfully cloned mammal, is born. 1975 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first Black man to win a Wimbledon singles title. 1975 – Cape Verde gains independence from Portugal. 1971 – The 26th Amendment, lowering the U.S. voting age to 18, is formally certified. 1962 – Algeria officially proclaims independence after 132 years of French rule. 1954 – Elvis Presley records his first commercial single, "That's All Right," at Sun Records. 1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first daily television news bulletin. 1950 – American and North Korean forces clash for the first time in the Battle of Osan. 1946 – Bikini is introduced. 1943 – The Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history, begins. 1940 – The U.S. passes Export Control Act. 1935 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the National Labor Relations Act. 1811 – Venezuela becomes the first South American nation to declare independence from Spain
6	2013 – Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashes while landing at San Francisco International Airport. 1975 – Comoros declares independence from France. 1976 – Women inducted into U.S. Naval Academy. 1968 – Roy Rogers (November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998), an American singer and cowboy actor, dies on this day. 1967 – Civil war in Nigeria. 1966 – Malawi becomes a republic, with Hastings Banda as its first president. 1946 – President George Walker Bush is born in New Haven, Connecticut. 1944 – The Hartford circus fire kills 167 people in Connecticut. 1935 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, leader of Tibet and bestselling author, is born in Taktser, Tibet. 1923 – The first Soviet Constitution officially goes into effect. 1919 – The British airship R34 lands in New York, completing the first transatlantic flight by a dirigible. 1885 – Louis Pasteur successfully tested an rabies vaccine to human patient Joseph Meister. 1854 – The Republican Party is founded at a convention in Jackson, Michigan. 1785 – The United States dollar is unanimously chosen as the official monetary unit of the U.S.
7	2020 – The United States officially surpasses 3 million confirmed COVID-19 cases. 2005 – Terrorists attack London transit system at rush hour 1991 – The Brioni Declaration is signed, ending hostilities in the Slovenian War of Independence. 1976 – 119 female cadets enrolled at West Point, breaking the all-male barrier. 1930 – Building of Hoover Dam begins 1928 – Chrysler Plymouth debuts 1917 – The British Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is officially established during World War I. 1865 – The Federal government executes Mary Surratt, the first woman executed, alongside three other co-conspirators involved in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. 1863 – The United States begins its first military draft during the Civil War. 1958 – President Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law the bill. 1797 – The U.S. House of Representatives votes to impeach Tennessee Senator William Blount, the first impeachment in U.S. history.
8	2022 – Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is assassinated while giving a campaign speech. 2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-135, marking the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program 1994 – North Korea's "Great Leader", Kim Il Sung, dies 1959 – First Americans (Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester M. Ovnand) killed in South Vietnam 1879 – The USS Jeannette departs San Francisco on a doomed expedition to reach the North Pole via the Bering Strait. 1835 – The Liberty Bell cracks while being tolled in Philadelphia during the funeral procession of Chief Justice John Marshall. 1776 – The Liberty Bell rings to celebrate the public reading of the Declaration of Independence 1889 – Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser published the four-page inaugural issue of The Wall Street Journal.
9	2011 – South Sudan gains independence, officially seceding from Sudan. 2002 – The African Union is officially established in Durban, South Africa, replacing the Organisation of African Unity. 1962 – The United States conducts the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test over the Pacific Ocean. 1947 – Florence Blanchfield is commissioned as the first female officer in the regular U.S. Army. 1922 – Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100-meter freestyle in 58.6 seconds, breaking the world record and the "minute barrier." 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon tournament begins in London. 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing citizenship and equal legal rights to African Americans, is ratified. 1850 – Zachary Taylor, the 12th US president, dies of cholera after serving only one year and four months in office. 1850 – Vice President Millard Fillmore sworn in as president following the death of Zachary Taylor. 1846 – U.S. forces take Yerba Buena (modern-day San Francisco) from Mexico. 1777 – New York elects George Clinton as its first governor. 1776 – George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read aloud to the Continental Army in New York City.
10	2019 – Last classic Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the assembly line in Puebla, Mexico. 1992 – Former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug trafficking. 1991 – Boris Yeltsin takes office as the first democratically elected president of Russia. 1990 – Mikhail Gorbachev is re-elected as head of Communist Party 1985 – The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk by French foreign intelligence agents in Auckland, New Zealand. 1973 – The Bahamas gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1962 – Telstar 1, the world's first active communications satellite, is launched into orbit by NASA. 1938 – Howard Hughes begins a record-breaking flight around the world, completing it in just 91 hours. 1925 – TASS, the official news agency, is established in the USSR. 1913 – The highest temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, 134°F (56.7°C), is measured in Death Valley, California. 1890 – Wyoming became the 44th state. 1888 – Dam collapses in Switzerland, kills 70.
11	2022 – NASA reveals the first operational image taken by the James Webb Space Telescope, showing the deepest view of the universe ever captured. 1995 – U.S. establishes diplomatic relations with Vietnam. 1995 – The Srebrenica massacre begins as Bosnian Serb forces capture the UN-protected enclave, leading to the murder of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys. 1979 – Skylab, the first American space station, burns up and disintegrates over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia upon re-entering Earth's atmosphere. 1977 – The Medal of Freedom is posthumously awarded to the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. by President Jimmy Carter 1960 – Harper Lee publishes her Pulitzer Prize-winning masterpiece novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. 1955 – The US Air Force Academy is officially dedicated at its temporary home, Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, Colorado. 1945 – Soviets agree to hand over power in West Berlin 1921 – The Red Army captures Ulaanbaatar, establishing the independent Mongolian People's Republic. 1914 – Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut as a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. 1798 – President John Adams signs the congressional act that permanently re-established the modern U.S. Marine Corps. 1767 – President J. Q. Adams is born in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. 1405 – Chinese Admiral Zheng He sets sail on his first legendary voyage of exploration across the Indian Ocean.
12	2022 – NASA publicly releases the first full-color, high-resolution scientific images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. 1990 – Yeltsin resigns from Communist Party 1984 – New York passes the first compulsory seat-belt law in the US. 1979 – The island nation of Kiribati officially declares its independence from the United Kingdom. 1933 – The Roosevelt administration establishes the Cotton Textile Code, implementing the nation's first major industrial minimum wage guideline. 1920 – The Panama Canal is formally opened and dedicated by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, six years after its first traffic passed through. 1917 – Armed vigilantes forcibly round up and deport over 1,000 striking miners during the Bisbee Deportation in Arizona. 1862 – Medal of Honor created
13	2024 – Former U.S. President Donald Trump survives an assassination attempt during a campaign rally near Butler, Pennsylvania. 1985 – The historic Live Aid dual-venue benefit concert took place simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London and JFK Stadium in Philadelphia 1977 – A massive 25-hour blackout hits New York City, leading to widespread looting and arson across the city. 1943 – Adolf Hitler cancels Operation Citadel at Kursk, marking the definitive end of Germany's strategic offensive capabilities on the Eastern Front. 1930 – The inaugural FIFA World Cup begins in Uruguay, with France defeating Mexico 4–1 in the opening match. 1923 – The landmark Hollywood Sign is officially dedicated in the hills above Los Angeles, originally reading "Hollywoodland." 1863 – The deadly New York City draft riots begin as citizens protest the new military conscription laws during the Civil War. 1787 – The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing the Northwest Territory and banning slavery within its borders. 100 BC – Julius Caesar born.
14	2016 – A terrorist drives a cargo truck into a crowd celebrating Bastille Day in Nice, France, killing 86 people. 2015 – NASA's New Horizons spacecraft completes the first-ever close flyby of Pluto, capturing highly detailed images of the dwarf planet. 1965 – NASA's Mariner 4 flyby of Mars yields the first close-up photographs of another planet. 1960 – Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania to begin her groundbreaking study of chimpanzees. 1933 – All political parties, except the Nazi Party, are outlawed in Germany. 1913 – President Ford is born in Nebraska. 1798 – The Sedition Act becomes federal law, permitting the prosecution of individuals who voice or print malicious remarks about the U.S. government. 1789 – French revolutionaries storm Bastille, a turning point that ignited the French Revolution.
15	2006 – The social media platform Twitter (now X) is officially launched to the public. 1997 – Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by Andrew Cunanan. 1975 – The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project begins, featuring the first joint space flight and docking between U.S. and Soviet spacecraft. 1954 – The Boeing 367-80, the prototype for both the Boeing 707 and the KC-135, makes its maiden flight. 1939 – Carl Fisher, the founder of both the Indy 500 and Miami Beach, dies in Miami at age 65 following a severe illness. 1870 – Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union. 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders to British forces aboard the HMS Bellerophon. 1799 – French soldiers uncover the Rosetta Stone in the Egyptian port city of Rashid during Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. 1606 – Dutch painter Rembrandt is born in Leiden, the Netherlands. 1099 – Crusaders breach the city walls and capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade.
16	1994 – Fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 begin colliding with Jupiter, an event captured live by astronomers worldwide. 1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes the President of Iraq after forcing Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign. 1969 – Apollo 11, the first U.S. lunar landing mission, is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida 1945 – The U.S. successfully conducts the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, the Trinity test, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. 1935 – The first parking meters is installed, in Oklahoma City. 1918 – The execution of the Romanov family is authorized by Soviet leadership, taking place hours later just after midnight. 1790 – District of Columbia (Washington DC) is established as the seat of the US government. 1439 – King Henry VI of England issues a royal decree banning kissing in an attempt to halt the spread of the plague
17	2006 – Over 650 people are killed as a 7.7-magnitude undersea earthquake triggers a tsunami that strikes a 125 miles (200km) stretch of the southern coast of Java, Indonesia. 1996 – Shortly after takeoff from NY's Kennedy International Airport, a TWA Boeing 747 jetliner bound for Paris explodes over the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 230 people aboard 1955 – Disneyland opens in California 1918 – Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their five children are executed by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. 1898 – Spain surrenders to the U.S. at Santiago, Cuba. 1821 – Spain cedes Florida to the U.S.
18	2013 – Detroit files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. 1984 – A mass shooting at a McDonald’s in San Ysidro, California, leaves 21 people dead. 1976 – Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci earns the first perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics at the Montreal Games. 1966 – NASA launches Gemini 10, carrying astronauts John Young and Michael Collins; includes the first spacewalk between spacecraft. 1947 – Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act revised the older act that was passed in 1792 during George Washington’s first term. 1940 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is nominated for an unprecedented third term as U.S. President. 1936 – Spanish Civil War breaks out 1925 – Adolf  Hitler’s Mein Kampf is published, outlining his ideology and plans for Germany. 1290 – King Edward I issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews from England.
19	2019 – A heatwave sets record temperatures across Western  Europe, exceeding 40 °C  (104 °F) in several countries. 2012 – Syrian rebels launch a major offensive in Damascus during the civil war. 1997 – The Irish  Republican  Army declares a ceasefire, paving the way for peace talks in Northern  Ireland. 1980 – The Summer  Olympics open in Moscow, boycotted by more than  60  countries. 1979 – The Sandinista  National  Liberation  Front overthrows the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua 1963 – Joe Walker pilots the X‑15 rocket plane to a record altitude of 106 km, crossing the edge of space. 1947 – The Prime  Minister of Burma, Aung San, and six cabinet members are assassinated in Rangoon. 1943 – World  War  II: U.S. bombs Rome 1935 – The world’s first parking meters are installed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1934 – Patent filed for retractable automobile headlamps by Robert  E. Twyman. 1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens to the public. 1870 – The Franco‑Prussian  War begins when France declares war on Prussia. 1848 – The Seneca  Falls Convention opens in New York, marking the beginning of the women’s rights movement in the U.S. 1545 – The English warship Mary  Rose sinks during battle with the French fleet off Portsmouth; over  400 men perish.
20	2015 – Cuba and U.S. reopen embassies 1976 – Viking 1 lands on Mars. 1969 – Neil Armstrong walks on moon. 1960 – Sri Lanka elects Sirimavo Bandaranaike 1951 – King of Jordan assassinated. 1944 – Hitler wounded in bomb plot. 1903 – Ford Motor Company sells its first car 1871 – British Columbia joins Canada 1807 – Nicéphore Niépce invents early photography process
21	2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis lands, ending NASA’s shuttle program 2005 – Attempted London transit bombings 1994 – Tony Blair becomes leader of the Labour Party 1987 – Ferrari F40 unveiled 1983 – Lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth, −128.6°F (−89.2°C) measured at Vostok Station, Antarctica. 1970 – Aswan High Dam completed, Egypt finishes one of the world’s largest embankment dams. 1961 – NASA's Mercury‑Redstone 4 launches 1954 – France “surrenders” to North Vietnam. 1944 – Battle of Guam begins, U.S. forces land to retake Guam from Japan in WWII 1899 – Ernest Hemingway is born in Oak Park, Illinois. 1822 – Albany becomes the capital of New York.
22	2011 – A far‑right extremist kills 77 people in Oslo, Norway. 1987 – Gorbachev agrees the elimination of intermediate-range missiles on a worldwide basis, with no conditions 1980 – Iran’s parliament elects first president, Abolhassan Banisadr 1977 – Deng Xiaoping returns to power 1975 – Congress restores U.S. citizenship to Robert E. Lee posthumously. 1967 – Detroit riots escalate, one of the most destructive civil disturbances in U.S. history intensifies. 1962 – Mariner 1, NASA’s first planetary probe, is destroyed shortly after launch due to a guidance system error. 1942 – The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka begins. 1933 – American aviator Wiley Post flies solo in his Lockheed Vega Winnie Mae around the world 1796 – Cleveland, Ohio, is founded by surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company. 1706 – Scotland-England Treaty of Union negotiations conclude, Scotland and England finalize terms leading to the 1707 Acts of Union.
23	2012 – The Opening Ceremony of the London Summer Olympics takes place. 1999 – NASA’s Chandra X‑ray Observatory is launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia 1972 – The U.S. launches Landsat 1, the first Earth‑observing satellite in the Landsat program. 1950 – Korean War begins 1952 – Military seizes power in Egypt, overthrowing King Farouk and ending the monarchy. 1936 – The Spanish Civil War intensifies as Franco’s forces gain momentum after early uprisings. 1903 – The first two-cylinder Ford Model A was delivered to its customer after the company was incorporated earlier that month.
24	2010 – WikiLeaks releases over 75,000 classified U.S. military documents related to the Afghanistan War. 2005 – American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins a record-setting seventh consecutive Tour de France and retires from the sport. 1974 – The U.S. Supreme Court orders President Nixon to release the Watergate tapes; this ruling led directly to Nixon’s resignation weeks later. 1969 – Apollo 11 astronauts return safely to Earth, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean 1911 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru. 1847 – Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers to settle in Salt Lake Valley 1534 – Jacques Cartier plants a cross in Gaspé Peninsula, claiming Canada for France.
25	2007 – Pratibha Patil becomes India’s first female president 2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590, the world’s fastest commercial jet, crashes shortly after takeoff from Paris, killing 113. 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration 1978 – Louise Brown, first IVF baby, is born 1952 – Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth of the US. 1946 – U.S. tests first underwater atomic bomb (Operation Crossroads) at Bikini Atoll. 1943 – Mussolini falls from power 1909 – Louis Blériot makes first flight across the English Channel 1898 – U.S. forces launch their invasion of Puerto Rico, part of the Spanish‑American War. 1837 – First commercial use of an electric telegraph 1799 – Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egyp
26	1971 – Apollo 15 launched from Cape Kennedy. 1963 – Over 1000 people are killed as a 6.90-magnitude earthquake strikes the Macedonian capital of Skopje. 1956 – Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal 1947 – President Truman signed the National Security Act, which created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1945 – Winston Churchill resigns 1941 – President Franklin Roosevelt seizes all Japanese assets in the U.S. in retaliation for the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China. 1908 – FBI is established 1847 – Liberia, formerly a colony of the American Colonization Society, declares its independence 1775 – Congress establishes U.S. Post Office – Ben Franklin becomes the first Postmaster General.
27	2012 – Opening ceremony of the London Olympics 2005 – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) formally ends armed campaign 2003 – Bob Hope (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), a American comedian and actor, died at age 100 in Toluca Lake, California. 2002 – Ukraine air show disaster, the Sknyliv air show crash killed 85 and injured over 100. 1996 – Atlanta Olympics' Centennial Olympic Park bombing, killing 2 and injuring over 100. 1990 – Belarus declares sovereignty leading full independence from the Soviet Union. 1976 – Tangshan (China) earthquake kills 242,769. 1974 – Nixon charged with first of three articles of impeachment 1972 – U.S. launches Landsat 1, the first Earth‑observing satellite in the Landsat program. 1953 – Korean War armistice signed, ending active fighting on the Korean Peninsula. 1949 – First jet‑powered commercial flight, the de Havilland Comet makes its maiden passenger flight. 1921 – Insulin is isolated for the first time, Frederick Banting and Charles Best achieve a breakthrough in diabetes treatment. 1904 – The first Buick automobile (Buick Model B) is sold. 1866 – Atlantic telegraph cable successfully completed, permanent telegraph connection established between Europe and North America. 1694 – Bank of England founded, created to fund the war against France; becomes a central institution in global finance.
28	1976 – An earthquake flattens China, kills 242,769 people in Tangshan and surrounding areas 1973 – Summer Jam at Watkins Glen — One of the largest music festivals ever held, with over 600,000 attendees. 1965 – Johnson signs Medicare into law — Creates the U.S. national health insurance program for seniors. 1945 – U.S. Senate approves United Nations charter by a 89 to 2 vote. 1945 – A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building's 79th floor, killing 14 people. 1929 – Geneva Convention on POW treatment signed, establishes rules for humane treatment of prisoners of war. 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia, the formal start of World War I. 1821 – Peru declares independence from Spain — José de San Martín proclaims Peru’s independence in Lima.
29	1981 – Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, marries Lady Diana Spencer, a young English schoolteacher 1967 – Fire destroys USS Forrestal, a catastrophic deck fire kills 134 sailors during Vietnam operations. 1958 – President Eisenhower signs to establishes NASA. 1948 – Olympic Games open in London, the first Olympics after WWII, known as the “Austerity Games.” 1921 – Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party 1914 – American long distance telephone service begins with a conversation between New York City and San Francisco. 1909 – The Buick Motor Company acquires the Cadillac Motor Company on behalf of General Motors for $4.5 million 1907 – Sir Robert Baden‑Powell holds first Scout camp — The beginning of the worldwide Scouting movement. 1890 – Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh dies age 37 in Auvers‑sur‑Oise, France, two days after shooting himself. 1836 – Texas Congress votes to annex itself to the U.S., the U.S. declines, delaying annexation until 1845.
30	2003 – Last old‑style Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the line, production ends in Puebla, Mexico after 65 years. 1990 – George H.W. Bush signs Americans with Disabilities Act 1971 – A mid-air collision between All Nippon Airways Flight 58 and a fighter jet in Japan kills all 162 people aboard the airliner. 1966 – England wins World Cup, England defeats West Germany 4–2 in extra time at Wembley Stadium. 1965 – President Johnson signs the Medicare Act into law. 1962 – First trans‑Atlantic satellite TV broadcast, Telstar 1 relays live images between Europe and North America. 1957 – International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established, created to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy. 1948 – Larry Doby becomes the first Black professional baseball player in the American League, Cleveland. 1932 – Disney's first color cartoon, "Flowers and Trees" is released, the first commercially released full‑color cartoon using Technicolor. 1930 – Uruguay wins the first FIFA World Cup, Uruguay defeats Argentina 4–2 in Montevideo. 1898 – Will Kellogg invents corn flakes, a breakfast staple is born in Battle Creek, Michigan. 1863 – Henry Ford is born in Dearborn Township, Michigan; he was Ffuture founder of Ford Motor Company and pioneer of mass production.
31	2020 – NASA launches Mars rover Perseverance, the rover begins its mission to search for signs of ancient life. 2012 – Michael Phelps becomes most decorated Olympian, wins his 19th Olympic medal at the London Games. 1971 – Apollo 15 astronauts drive the Lunar Rover, first use of a motorized vehicle on the Moon. 1964 – Ranger 7 sends first close‑up photos of the Moon, over 4,000 images transmitted before impact. 1948 – U.S. Navy commissions USS Wisconsin (BB‑64), one of the last Iowa‑class battleships. 1932 – Summer Olympics open in Los Angeles, known for innovations like the Olympic Village. 1912 – U.S. Navy tests first aerial bomb drop 1907 – First Boy Scout camp ends at Brownsea Island, marks the beginning of the Scouting movement. 1897 – Guglielmo Marconi is awarded a patent for the wireless telegraph technology, a foundational moment in radio communication. 1875 – Former President Andrew Johnson dies, Johnson served as Lincoln’s vice president and became president after the assassination. 1790 – First U.S. patent issued, granted to Samuel Hopkins for potash production. 1715 – A hurricane strikes the east coast of Florida, sinking 10 Spanish treasure ships and killing nearly 1,000 people; their gold and silver onboards were recovered in 1965. 1498 – Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Trinidad.