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1	2003 - The space shuttle Columbia was disintegrated as it tried to reenter the Earth's atmosphere after a sixteen-day mission in space; all seven members of the crew were dead. 2002 - Japanese Prime Minster Junichiro Koizumi names Yoriko Kawaguchi to be foreign minister. 1979 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran after 15 years of exile. 1979 - Gen Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Saigon's police chief, shoots to the head of a Viet Cong officer, and the image captured in a famous news photograph. 1972 - The 1st scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) introduced ($395). 1958 - The 1st US satellite (Explorer I) launched 1953 - Flooding in Netherlands, kills 1,835. 1949 - RCA releases 1st single record ever (45 rpm). 1946 - The first electronic digital computer, ENIAC, is announced at U of Penn. 1929 - The first Hollywood musical debuts. 1898 - The first auto insurance policy is issued. 1893 - The first movie studio is built. 1884 - The first volume (A-Ant) of the Oxford English Dictionary is published. 1878 - Hattie Caraway (February 1, 1878 – December 21, 1950) the first woman elected to serve a full term as a the U.S. Senator, is born in Bakersville, Tennessee 1861 - Texas withdraws. 1790 - The first session of the U.S. Supreme Court is held in New York City.
2	2003 - Czech Republic President Vaclav Havel steps down after 13 years. 1998 - Philippine DC-9 crashed, killing all 104. 1995 - US space shuttle Discovery launched. 1993 - Frito Lay pays court ordered $2,500,000 to Tom Wait for using his song. 1991 - US postage is raised from 25 cents to 29 cents. 1990 - South African President F. W. de Klerk lifts the 30-year-old ban on the African National Congress. 1986 - Dalai Lama meets Pope John Paul II in India. 1982 - "Late Night With David Letterman," debuts on NBC-TV. 1967 - Bolivia adopts its constitution. 1962 - First US Air Force plane is crashed in Vietnam. 1958 - Syria joins Egypt in United Arab Republic 1955 - 1st presidential news conference held by Eisenhower on ABC-TV. 1951 - US performs nuclear test at a Nevada Test site. 1933 - Two days after becoming chancellor, Adolf Hitler dissolves Parliament. 1923 - Lead gasoline is introduced in the market. 1943 - The remainder of Nazi forces from the Battle of Stalingrad surrendered. 1887 - First Groundhog bus hits the road. 1880 - First electric streetlight is installed. 1876 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs is formed. 1848 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed; in which Mexico ceded to the US a huge portion of what is today California and New Mexico. 1536 - The city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, is founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza.
3	2009 - 1st male African-American Attorney General, Eric Himpton Holder, Jr, is appointed. 1998 - Stamps commemorating Princess Diana go on sale across Britain. 1995 - Col. Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to pilot the space shuttle. 1995 - STS 63 (Discovery 19), launches into orbit. 1994 - President Bill Clinton lifts US trade embargo against Vietnam. 1994 - Clinton ends Vietnam trade embargo. 1994 - STS-60 (Discovery) launches into orbit. 1966 - 1st operational weather satellite, ESSA-1 launched US 1966 - Soviet Lunik (Luna) 9 soft-lands on the Moon. 1962 - President Kennedy bans all trade with Cuba except for food & drugs. 1950 - Nuclear physicist Klaus Fuchs arrested for passing atomic bomb information. 1942 - 1st Japanese air raid on Java. 1930 - Vietnamese Communistic Party forms 1924 - President Woodrow Wilson dies. 1917 - US breaks diplomatic relations with Germany. 1913 - The 16th Amendment, establishing federal income tax, is ratified. 1870 - The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, prohibiting the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 1821 - The first American female physician, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) was born near Bristol, England. 1690 - 1st paper currency in America is issued (colony of Mass). 1468 - Johann Gutenberg, German printer and inventor, died.
4	2004 - The Massachusetts Supreme Court declared that gays had the right to marry. 2003 - Yugoslavia is replaced by the loose federation of Serbia and Montenegro. 1985 - 25 countries in the United Nations signed "Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment." 1976 - 7.5 earthquake kills 22,778 in Guatemala & Honduras. 1969 - PLO is found. 1962 - First U.S. helicopter is shot down in Vietnam. 1957 - 1st electric portable typewriter placed on sale (Syracuse NY). 1948 - Sri Lanka gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at the Yalta Conference. 1941 - United Service Organization (USO) founded. 1938 - Hitler seizes control of German army & puts Nazi in key posts. 1847 - 1st US telegraph co established in Maryland. 1822 - Free American Blacks settle Liberia, West Africa. 1789 - George Washington is elected.
5	1997 - Three of Switzerland's biggest banks create a fund worth 100 million Swiss francs for Holocaust victims and their families. 1994 - The last Soviet troops leave Kabul. 1988 - Noriega is indicted on U.S. drug charges. 1987 - Soyuz TM-2 launches. 1980 - Egyptian parliament votes to end boycott of Israel. 1972 - US airlines begin mandatory inspection of passengers & baggages. 1971 - Apollo 14, 3rd US manned Moon expedition, lands near Fra Mauro Alan Shepard & Edward Mitchell (Apollo 14) walk on Moon for 4 hrs. 1969 - US population reaches 200 million. 1952 - First "Don't Walk" sign is installed 1936 - National Wildlife Federation forms. 1917 - Congress passed the Immigration Act, which restricted Asian immigration, over President Wilson's veto. 1917 - Mexico adopts its present constitution. 1997 - Snow falls on SF. 1878 - First France's Citroen car is built.
6	1987 - No-smoking rules take effect in federal buildings. 1973 - 40,000 civil servants demonstrate against higher pension contribution. 1971 - Astronaut Alan B. Shepard hit a golf ball and Edgar Mitchell threw a "javelin" on the moon. They landed in the same crater and remain on the Moon today. 1959 - 1st successful test-fire of Titan ICBM. 1954 - Mercedes 300SL debuts 1952 - Britain's King George VI died; his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, became Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain. 1933 - The 20th Amendment to the Constitution, which set the date for the president's inauguration on Jan. 20, is adopted. 1918 - Britain grants women (30 & over) vote. 1917 - German sub sinks U.S. passenger ship "California". 1911 - President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) is born in Tampico, Illinois. 1899 - A peace treaty, which ended the Spanish-American war between Spain and the US, is signed. 1895 - Legendary baseball player George Herman "Babe" Ruth (1895-1948) is born in Baltimore, Maryland. 1804 - Joseph Priestley, British chemist, died; his work on the isolation of gases led him to discover oxygen in 1774. 1820 - Freed U.S. slaves departs back to Africa. 1788 - Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to join the Union.
7	1999 - King Hussein of Jordan dies. 1992 - European Union is established. 1991 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide sworn in as first democratically-elected president of Haiti. 1977 - Soyuz 24 launches with 2 cosmonauts. 1976 - World's largest telescope (600 cm) begins operation (USSR). 1959 - Castro proclaims new Cuban constitution. 1915 - 1st wireless message sent from a moving train to a station received. 1905 - Oklahoma admitted to statehood. 1990 - Soviets gives up monopoly on political power. 1990 - Labour Party forms in England. 1986 - Haiti's President-for-Life Jean-Claude Duvalier flees to France Henri Namphy becomes leader of Haiti. 1984 - First human leaves Shuttle to fly in space. Space shuttle astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart went on the first untethered spacewalk. 1974 - The island of Grenada wind its independence from Britain. 1971 - Women in Switzerland were finally granted women the right to vote. 1968 - Forensic evidence for crime solving is introduced. 1943 - Shoe rationing begins in US (may purchase up to 3 more pairs in 1942). 1904 - Disastrous fire destroyed more than 1,500 buildings in downtown Baltimore. 1812 - British novelist Charles Dickens (1812-1870), who wrote famous "A Christmas Carol", was born in Portsmouth, England. 1795 - The 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, restricting the ability of individuals to bring suit against states in federal court.
8	2002 - The XIX Olympic Winter Games open in Salt Lake City, UT. 1996 - President Clinton signed legislation revamping the telecommunications industry. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allows any communications business to compete in the US market. 1933 - 1st flight of all-metal Boeing 247. 1928 - Scottish inventor J Blaird demonstrates color-TV. 1926 - Walt Disney Studios forms. 1924 - The first coast-to-coast radio broadcast takes place. 1924 - The first execution by lethal gas is carried out. 1910 - The Boy Scouts of America was founded in Washington, D.C. 1904 - The Russo-Japanese War begins. 1887 - Dawes Severalty Act ends tribal control of reservations. 1870 - The National Weather Service was established under the U.S. Army Signal Corps. 1693 - College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA, becomes the second institution of higher learning in the US. 1587 - Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded.
9	2002 - XIX Winter Olympics opens in Salt Lake City Utah/Quebec City. 1991 - Lithuanians voted overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union. 1975 - Soyuz 17 returns to Earth. 1971 - Apollo 14 returns to Earth. 1969 - World's largest airplane, Boeing 747, makes 1st commercial flight. 1900 - Davis Cup competition is established. 1965 - First US combat troops is sent to South Vietnam. 1943 - American forces won the battle of Guadalcanal over Japanese forces in the Southwest Pacific. 1942 - Daylight saving time instituted. 1870 - US Army establishes US National Weather Service. 1861 - Jefferson Davis is chosen as the president of the Confederate States of America. 1773 - President W. H. Harrion is born in Virginia.
10	1997 - Soyuz TM-25 launches to the MIR. 1996 - IBM's computer, Deep Blue, beat the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in the first game of their match. 1970 - Avalanche buries skiers in France. 1967 - The 25th Amendment was ratified, establishing presidential succession. 1957 - Southern Christian Leadership Conference forms. 1855 - US citizenship laws amended all children of US parents born abroad granted US citizenship. 1846 - Mormons begin exodus to Utah. 1763 - Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the French and Indian War. France cedes Canada and all its North American territories east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. 1942 - The first Medal of Honor was awarded to 2nd Lt. Alexander Nininger (posthumously) for heroism during the Battle of Bataan in World War 2.
11	2011 - Hosni Mubarak steps down as President of Egypt following 18 days of protests challenging his 30 year rule. 1997 - STS 82 (Discovery 22) launches. 1994 - Space shuttle STS-60 (Discovery 18), lands. 1990 - Nelson Mandela is released from prison after more than 27 years. 1989 - Avalanches plague central Europe. 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini's followers seizes control of the Iran government. 1970 - Japan becomes the fourth country to put a satellite into orbit. 1964 - Taiwan drops diplomatic relations with France. 1945 - President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed the Yalta Agreement during World War II. 1937 - Simultaneous radio broadcast on all three networks. 1937 - The first major labor dispute (Flint, Michigan, Sit-Down Strike) in the U.S. auto industry ends after General Motors signs a contract with the United Auto Workers Union. 1929 - The Lateran Treaty is signed, in which Italy recognizes the independence and sovereignty of Vatican City. 1895 - Georgetown became part of Wash DC. 1847 - American inventor Thomas Edison (1847-1931), who held over 1,200 patents including the incandescent bulb, phonograph and movie camera, is born in Milan, Ohio. 1809 - Robert Fulton is patented the steamboat.
12	2002 - Milosevic goes on trial for war crimes. 1999 - Clinton's impeachment trial is ended (acquitted). 1972 - North Vietnam begins releasing U.S. POWs. 1938 - German troops entered Austria. 1934 - Export-Import Bank incorporates. 1912 - Pu Yi, the last emperor of the Manchu (Ch'ing) dynasty in China, renounced his throne following the establishment of a republic under Sun Yat-sen. 1870 - The Utah Territory grants women the right to vote (revoked in 1887). 1818 - Chile formally proclaimed its independence from Spain. 1809 - President Abraham Lincoln is born in Hardin County, Kentucky .
13	1997 - Discovery captures Hubble Space Telescope. 1974 - Dissident Nobel writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn expelled from USSR. 1961 - Soviet Union fires a rocket from Sputnik V to Venus. 1959 - Barbie doll goes on sale. 1948 - Wright Flyer, 1st plane to fly, returns to US from England. 1935 - 1st US surgical operation for relief of angina pectoris, Cleveland. 1895 - Movie-camera projector is patented to French inventors. 1861 - Abraham Lincoln declared president. 1693 - College of William & Mary (VA) opens. 1689 - British Parliament adopts Bill of Rights. 1633 - Galileo in Rome to face charges of his Copernican theory.
14	2002 - Emir Hamad iBn Isa al-Khalifah, ruler of Bahrain, proclaims himself king of Bahrain. 1989 - World's 1st satellite Skyphone opens. 1929 - The St. Valentine's Day Massacre took place in a Chicago garage as seven rivals of Al Capone's gang were gunned down. 1929 - Penicillin is discovered. 1924 - IBM Corporation founded by Thomas Watson. 1919 - United Parcel Service forms. 1903 - US Dept. of Commerce and Labor forms. 1912 - Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state. 1899 - US Congress begins using voting machines. 1894 - Venus is both a morning star & evening star. 1884 - Theodore Roosevelt’s wife and mother die.
15	1995 - Population of People's Republic of China hits 1.2 billion. 1989 - Soviet military occupation of Afghanistan ends. 1984 - 500,000 Iranian soldiers move into Iraq. 1973 - USSR launches Prognoz 3 to study sun (589/200,300 km). 1965 - Canada replaces Union Jack flag with Maple Leaf. 1942 - Bristisch surrenders Singapore to Japan. 1936 - Hitler announce building of Volkswagens (starting slug-bug game). 1934 - Federal Emergency Relief Admin is established. 1926 - Contract air mail service begins in US. 1898 - The U.S. battleship Maine blew up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 crew members and escalating tensions with Spain. 1812 - First Tiffany store is opened. 1799 - 1st US printed ballots authorized, Pennsylvania. 0399 - Philosopher Socrates sentenced to death.
16	1961 - US satellite Explorer 9 is launched. 1959 - Fidel Castro is sworn in as PM of Cuba. 1956 - Britain abolishes death penalty. 1923 - Archaeologist opens tomb of King Tut (Egypt). 1900 - 1st Chinese daily newspaper in US publishes (Chung Sai Yat Po-SF). 1880 - American Society of Mechanical Engineers forms in New York city.
17	1995 - Federal judge allows lawsuit claiming US tobacco makers knew nicotine was addictive & manipulated its levels to keep customers hooked. 1979 - China invades Vietnam. 1972 - President Nixon departed on his historic trip to China. 1966 - French satellite Diapason D-1A launch into Earth orbit. 1959 - 1st weather satellite launched, Vanguard 2, 9.8 kg. 1947 - Voice of America begins broadcasts to Russia. 1878 - 1st telephone exchange in SF opens with 18 phones. 1867 - 1st ship passes through Suez Canal. 1801 - President Thomas Jefferson is elected.
18	1989 - Enzo Anselmo Ferrari, car designer legend, is born. 1979 - NASA launches space vehicle S-202. 1979 - Snow falls in Sahara Desert. 1974 - NASA launches Italian satellite San Marcos C-2 (235/843 km). 1968 - 10,000 demonstrators against US in Vietnam War in West-Berlin. 1930 - Pluto, the ninth planet, is discovered by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh. 1929 - First Academy Awards is announced. 1927 - US & Canada begin diplomatic relations. 1908 - 1st US postage stamps in rolls issued. 1861 - Jefferson Davis was sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America in Montgomery, Ala. 1885 - Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," published. 1884 - Police seize all copies of Tolstoy's "What I Believe In". 1834 - 1st US labor newspaper, "The Man," published, New York city. 1804 - 1st US land-grant college, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, chartered. 1787 - Austrian emperor Jozef II bans children under 8 from labor.
19	1998 - Soyuz TM-26 lands. 1997 - FCC makes available 311 for non-emergency calls & 711 for hearing or speech-impaired emergency calls. 1990 - Soyuz TM-9 lands. 1987 - Reagan lifts trade boycott against Poland. 1986 - USSR launches Mir space station into Earth orbit. 1977 - Shuttle Enterprise makes 1st Test flight atop a 747 jetliner. 1977 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island. 1970 - USSR launches Sputnik 52 & Molniya 1-13 communications satellite. 1969 - 1st Test flight of Boeing 747 jumbo jet. 1963 - USSR informs JFK it's withdrawing several thousand troops from Cuba. 1952 - French offensive at Hanoi, Vietnam. 1945 - 30,000 marines invade Iwo Jima. 1942 - About 150 Japanese warplanes attacked Darwin city, Australian. 1942 - FDR orders detention & internment of all west-coast Japanese-Americans. 1934 - US contract air mail service canceled, replaced by US Army for 6 months. 1843 - Nicolaus Copernicus, a modern astronomer, is born. 1878 - Edison is patented for his phonograph invention. 1846 - Texas state government formally installed in Austin.
20	1983 - Japan launches Tenma satellite to study x-rays (450/570 km). 1962 - First orbital flight by an American astronaut. John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth as he flew aboard the Friendship 7 Mercury capsule. 1943 - Inexperienced U.S. troops lost the first major battle of World War II in Europe at Kasserine Pass in North Africa. 1941 - Nazis order Polish Jews barred from using public transportation. 1937 - Legendary driver & designer Roger Penske is born. 1929 - American Samoa organizes as territory of US. 1831 - Polish revolutionaries defeat Russians in battle of Growchow. 1811 - Austria declares bankruptcy.
21	1996 - Soyuz TM-23, launched into orbit. 1981 - NASA launches Comstar D-4. 1981 - Japan launches Hinotori satellite to study solar flares (580/640 k). 1979 - Japan launches Hakucho x-ray satellite & Corsa-B (550/580 km). 1972 - Nixon makes the first US presidential visit to China. 1970 - Kissinger begins secret negotiations with North Vietnam. 1965 - Malcolm X, a former Black Muslim leader, is assassinated. He was shot and killed by assassins identified as Black Muslims as he was about to address a rally in New York City; he was 39. 1948 - NASCAR was officially incorporated. 1922 - Great Britain grants Egypt independence. 1885 - Washington Monument is built. 1795 - Freedom of worship established in France under constitution. 1732 - President George Washington is born in Virginia.
22	2011 - Over 160 people are killed after a magnitude 6.3 earthquake strikes the New Zealand city of Christchurch. 2005 - Hundreds people are killed after a magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes near Zarand in Iran's Kerman province 1996 - STS 75 (Columbia 19), launches into orbit. 1967 - Suharto takes full power in Indonesia. 1924 - 1st presidential radio address (Calvin Coolidge). 1923 - The 1,000,000th Chevy was produced. 1923 - Transcontinental airmail service begins. 1907 - 1st cabs with taxi meters begin operating in London. 1900 - Hawaii became a US territory. 1879 - Woolworth opens its five-cent store. 1819 - The U.S. acquires Spanish Florida. 1732 - George Washington is born.
23	1991 - Military coup in Thailand, Premier Choonhaven arrested. 1980 - Oil tanker explosion off Pilos, Greece, causes 37-mil-gallon spillr. 1967 - US troops begin largest offensive of Vietnam War. 1954 - Children receive first polio vaccine. 1945 - U.S. flag raised on Iwo Jima. 1936 - 1st rocket air mail flight, Greenwood Lake, NY. 1904 - US acquired control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million. 1903 - Cuban state of Guantanamo leased to USA. 1893 - Diesel engine is patented. 1883 - Alabama becomes 1st US state to enact an antitrust law. 1870 - Mississippi is readmitted to US. 1867 - The U.S. House of Representatives voted to impeach President Andrew Johnson 1861 - By popular referendum, Texas becomes 7th state to secede from US. 1822 - Boston is incorporated as a city.
24	2004 - About 500 people are killed after an earthquake strikes towns on Morocco's Mediterranean coast. 1991 - Gulf War ground offensive begins. 1989 - 150-million-year-old fossil egg (oldest dinosaur embryo) found. 1986 - Voyager 2, 1st Uranus flyby. 1968 - Hue city is recaptured from N. Vietnam. 1961 - Explorer (10) fails to reach Earth orbit. 1949 - Israel & Egypt sign an armistice agreement. 1948 - Communist Party seizes complete control of Czechoslovakia. 1945 - Manila freed from Japanese. 1927 - Fox demonstrates Movietone sound. 1924 - Mahatma Gandhi released from jail. 1909 - Hudson Motor incorporated. 1868 - The United States House of Representatives impeached President Andrew Johnson following his attempted dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton; Johnson was later acquitted by the Senate. 1863 - Arizona Territory created. 1821 - Mexico gains independence from Spain.
25	1984 - Explosion kills hundreds in Brazil. 1986 - Marcos flees the Philippines. 1979 - Soyuz 32 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station is launched. 1977 - Soyuz 24 returns to Earth. 1948 - Communists take power in Czechoslovakia. 1940 - 1st televised (W2XBS, NYC) hockey game (Rangers vs Canadians). 1928 - FCC issues the first television license. 1919 - Oregon, the first state, imposes a tax on gasoline. 1910 - Dali Lama flees Tibet from Chinese troop to British-Indies. 1870 - Hiram R. Revels, R-Miss., became the first black member of the U.S. Senate as he was sworn in to serve out the unexpired term of Jefferson Davis.
26	1993 - World Trade Center is bombed, killing six people and injuring more than 1,000 others. 1987 - NASA launches GEOS-H. 1984 - Last U.S. Marines leave Beirut. 1983 - Shortwave pirate Radio begins transmission in Wellsville, NY. 1980 - Egypt & Israel exchange ambassadors for 1st time. 1977 - First flight of Space Shuttle on top of a Boeing 747. 1975 - 1st televised kidney transplant. 1968 - Vietnam War: Mass graves discovered in Hue. 1965 - First South Korean troops arrive in Vietnam. 1944 - 1st female US navy captain, Sue Dauser of nurse corps, appointed. 1935 - The Pontiac "Indian Maiden" mascot was patented. 1870 - 1st NYC subway line opens. 1863 - Lincoln signs National Currency Act.
27	2010 - Over 700 people are killed after a magnitude 8.8 earthquake strikes central Chile north-east of the second largest city, Concepcion . 1991 - President Bush declared that Kuwait is liberated from Iraq. 1962 - South-Vietnam pres Ngo Dinh Diem's palace bombed, 1st US killed. 1964 - Leaning Tower of Pisa needs help. 1950 - General Chiang Kai-shek elected president of Nationalist China. 1942 - U.S. aircraft carrier Langley is sunk. 1936 - Shirley Temple receives $50,000 a film. 1813 - 1st federal vaccination legislation enacted.
28	1993 - ATF raids Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas. Four agents and six Davidians were killed as a 51-day standoff began. 1986 - Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1927-1986) was assassinated in Stockholm 1953 - Watson & Crick discover chemical structure of DNA. 1935 - Nylon discovered by Dr Wallace H Carothers. 1932 - The last of five million Ford Model A is produced. 1922 - Egypt regains independence from Britain. 1882 - First U.S college cooperative store opens, at Harvard University. 1861 - Congress creates Colorado Territory. 1861 - Territory of Nevada created. 1847 - US defeats Mexico in battle of Sacramento.
29 (for a leap year)	1996 - Soyuz TM-23 lands. 1964 - President Lyndon Baines Johnson reveals US secretly developed the A-11 jet fighter. 1960 - Earthquake devastates Moroccan city, killed 1/3 of Agadir Morocco population (12,000) in 15 seconds. 1956 - Islamic Republic forms in Pakistan. 1908 - Cadillac standardization is tested. 1908 - Dutch scientists produce solid helium.

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